This dataset consists of growth and yield data for each season when sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)] was grown at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Laboratory (CPRL), Soil and Water Management Research Unit (SWMRU) research weather station, Bushland, Texas (Lat. 35.186714°, Long. -102.094189°, elevation 1170 m above MSL). In the 1988, 1991, 1993, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003 through 2007, 2014, and 2015 seasons (13 years), sorghum was grown on from one to four large, precision weighing lysimeters, each in the center of a 4.44 ha square field also planted to sorghum. The square fields were themselves arranged in a larger square with four fields in four adjacent quadrants of the larger square. Fields and lysimeters within each field were thus designated northeast (NE), southeast (SE), northwest (NW), and southwest (SW). Sorghum was grown on different combinations of fields in different years. When irrigated, irrigation was by linear move sprinkler system years before 2014, and by both sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation in 2014 and 2015. Irrigation protocols described as full were managed to replenish soil water used by the crop on a weekly or more frequent basis as determined by soil profile water content readings made with a neutron probe to 2.4-m depth in the field. Irrigation protocols described as deficit typically involved irrigation at rates established as percentages of full irrigation ranging from 33% to 75% depending on the year. The growth and yield data include plant population density, height, plant row width, leaf area index, growth stage, total above-ground biomass, leaf and stem biomass, head mass (when present), seed mass, and final yield. Data are from replicate samples in the field and non-destructive (except for final harvest) measurements on the weighing lysimeters. In most cases yield data are available from both manual sampling on replicate plots in each field and from machine harvest. Machine harvest yields are commonly smaller than hand harvest yields due to combine losses. These datasets originate from research aimed at determining crop water use (ET), crop coefficients for use in ET-based irrigation scheduling based on a reference ET, crop growth, yield, harvest index, and crop water productivity as affected by irrigation method, timing, amount (full or some degree of deficit), agronomic practices, cultivar, and weather. Prior publications have focused on sorghum ET, crop coefficients, crop water productivity, and simulation modeling of crop water use, growth, and yield. Crop coefficients have been used by ET networks. The data have utility for testing simulation models of crop ET, growth, and yield and have been used for testing, and calibrating models of ET that use satellite and/or weather data. See the README for descriptions of each data file.