Selenium accumulation in vegetation has resulted in toxicity in livestock grazing on phosphate mine soils in Southeastern Idaho. Plant and soil samples were collected from sites located near phosphate mines. Soil physicochemical properties, Se speciation, and Se distribution from a sequential extraction procedure (SEP) were examined in relation to bioavailability in the Se-hyperaccumulator, western aster (Symphyotrichum ascendens Lindl.). Selenium-hyperaccumulators are plants that can absorb over 1000 mg Se kg−1 DM (Dry Matter). Chemical analyses revealed that western aster contained Se exceeding 6000 mg kg−1 DM. Soil speciation results indicated that selenite (SeO32−) was dominant with lower levels of selenate (SeO42−) present. This was expanded using an SEP that accounted for six fractions. Regression analyses indicated a strong relationship for western aster Se and the water-soluble and phosphate-extractable SEP fractions combined (R2 = 0.85). Once carbonate, amorphous Fe-oxide, organic, and residual Se fractions were factored into the analysis, the relationship decreased. A strong relationship between selenate and the water-soluble Se fraction was also observed (R2 = 0.83). Soluble and phosphate-extractable Se were determined to be "bioavailable fractions" for western aster. Thus, simple water extractions can be used for quick assessment of Se bioavailability and provide a means to identify potentially hazardous areas locations. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Supplementary Tables - Download docx. File Name: 11104_2017_3299_MOESM1_ESM.docx, url: https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art:10.1007/s11104-017-3299-5/MediaObjects/11104_2017_3299_MOESM1_ESM.docx Table 1. Selenite and selenate soil speciation with standard deviations for 10 soils in duplicate. Table 2. Sequential extraction procedure fractionation for 6 extractions with duplicate standard deviations for 78 soils.