This is digital research data corresponding to a published manuscript, Cover cropping history affects cotton boll distribution, lint yields, and fiber quality, in Crop Science, Vol. 63 p. 1209–1220. There has been limited introduction of new cover crop species into cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production within the last 30 years. Mounting evidence shows that traditional cover cropping species may be detrimental to cotton production, either by depleting soil fertility with crop removal, immobilizing minerals from high carbon residue, or excessive quantity of residue remaining at planting. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of growing a novel cover crop species, carinata (Brassica carinata A. Braun), as a winter annual cover crop for cotton rotation in the southeastern Coastal Plain. Over a 2-year period, carinata, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and fallow covers were maintained over winter months, then rotated into cotton. Each year, seedcotton and lint yields were collected, along with subsamples for ginning and subsequent fiber quality analyses. Additionally, end-of-season plant mapping was conducted on plants from 1-m of row per plot to determine cover crop effects on boll formation, retention, and distribution, as well as canopy architecture.