These data were compiled to estimate fine-fuel abundance and distribution across the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge in southern Arizona, USA. The objectives of the study were to develop and validate annual estimates of fine fuel (biomass of herbaceous vegetation) for the refuge and to assess changes in fine fuels through time in response to wildfire and prescribed fire. These data represent the amount of herbaceous biomass or fine fuels (kg/ha) present at a 10-m resolution derived from in-situ estimates of ground cover modeled with satellite imagery. These satellite image data were collected over the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge during leaf-on (August) and leaf-off (November) time periods annually from 2015-2020, by the European Space Agency's Sentinel-2A MSI. In-situ field data were collected in the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge from 2012-2015 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. These data can be used to understand changes in fine fuel distribution through time and to assess impacts of wild and prescribed fire on fuel loads.