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MODFLOW 6 models for assimilating remote sensing evapotranspiration in ensemble-based framework to enhance cascade routing and re-infiltration concept in integrated hydrological models applied to support decision making

Metadata Updated: January 7, 2026

This data release contains MODFLOW 6 integrated hydrological model (IHM) that helps characterize the groundwater/surface-water interaction within the Sardon Catchment of western Spain. The model was used to quantify and reduce the overall model uncertainty to improve its reliability as a Decision Support Modeling (DSM) tool by improving the conceptualization and simulation of the overland flow process. The model was calibrated to groundwater heads, surface flows at the outlet of the model, and remotely sensed evapotranspiration data collected by the MODIS satellite. To help constrain the roughly 500,000 estimated parameters, observations of "actual" evapotranspiration (ET) were obtained from the remotely sensed MODIS-ET product, an atypical calibration target. The MODIS-ET observations complemented the more traditional hydraulic heads and streamflow observations, yielding approximately 150,000 total observations for calibration. The data assimilation was carried using the PEST++ iterative ensemble smoother (IES). As discussed in the accompanying model documentation, including the MODIS-ET observations improved the cascade routing and re-infiltration (CRR) implementation, and subsequently reduced the uncertainties associated with other model parameters. Additionally, it significantly reduced the uncertainties of fluxes of interest, specifically the net recharge, a critical flux for water management which is not easily measured and is typically a modeled quantity within most IHM simulations that is of particular interest. This USGS data release contains all the input and output files for the simulations described in the associated journal article (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131411)

Access & Use Information

Public: This dataset is intended for public access and use. License: No license information was provided. If this work was prepared by an officer or employee of the United States government as part of that person's official duties it is considered a U.S. Government Work.

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Dates

Metadata Created Date January 7, 2026
Metadata Updated Date January 7, 2026

Metadata Source

Harvested from DOI USGS DCAT-US

Additional Metadata

Resource Type Dataset
Metadata Created Date January 7, 2026
Metadata Updated Date January 7, 2026
Publisher U.S. Geological Survey
Maintainer
Identifier http://datainventory.doi.gov/id/dataset/USGS_65f86766d34e97daac9ff49c
Data Last Modified 2024-06-14T00:00:00Z
Category geospatial
Public Access Level public
Bureau Code 010:12
Metadata Context https://project-open-data.cio.gov/v1.1/schema/catalog.jsonld
Metadata Catalog ID https://ddi.doi.gov/usgs-data.json
Schema Version https://project-open-data.cio.gov/v1.1/schema
Catalog Describedby https://project-open-data.cio.gov/v1.1/schema/catalog.json
Harvest Object Id 23cb2f8b-c223-47e4-aaf8-c64c9d7e8a7e
Harvest Source Id 2b80d118-ab3a-48ba-bd93-996bbacefac2
Harvest Source Title DOI USGS DCAT-US
Metadata Type geospatial
Old Spatial -6.222998, 41.032859, -6.115373, 41.139806
Source Datajson Identifier True
Source Hash bb5f4a130cf6bbcf8e76e51df098c624993a8c51014eca0f86709e1237c26ae3
Source Schema Version 1.1
Spatial {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": -6.222998, 41.032859, -6.222998, 41.139806, -6.115373, 41.139806, -6.115373, 41.032859, -6.222998, 41.032859}

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