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Archival and Discovery of November 27, 1945 Tsunami Event on Marigrams

Published by DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce | Catalog Last Checked: August 02, 2026 at 04:32 PM | Dataset Last Updated: October 24, 2019 at 12:00 AM
These water level data were digitized from a scanned marigram image associated with the tsunami event of 1945-11-27 at a tide gauge located at Karachi, Pakistan, and referenced to station datum. The Karachi marigram is one of the two instrumental records existing of the 1945 Makran tsunami and spans most of the 16 days between November 15 and December 1. The original Karachi analog record belongs to the Survey of India (SOI) and was collected and digitized by the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) and Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) for use in the publication of a few scientific papers. This digital marigram scan was reformatted into the accompanying digital, numerical time series by the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO. Acknowledgement of SOI, NIO, and INCOIS should be included in any future scientific works using this record.

Resources

9 resources available

  • NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration November 27, 1945 marigram from Karachi, Pakistan

    NETCDF
    Download

  • NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration November 27, 1945 marigram from Karachi, Pakistan

    CSV
    Download

  • NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration November 27, 1945 marigram from Karachi, Pakistan

    ZIP
    Download

  • NGDC/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database

    HTML
    Download

  • Station Documentation for KARACHI

    TEXT/HTML
    Visit Page

  • Revised Local Reference (RLR) Diagram for KARACHI

    TEXT/HTML
    Visit Page

  • Karachi tides during the 1945 Makran tsunami

    TEXT/HTML
    Visit Page

  • A digital elevation model for simulating the 1945 Makran tsunami in Karachi Harbour

    TEXT/HTML
    Visit Page

  • GCMD Keyword Forum Page

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Earth Science > Oceans > Tides Earth Science > Oceans > Tides > Tidal Currents Earth Science > Oceans > Tides > Tidal Heights Earth Science > Oceans > Tides > Tidal Range Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Waves > Tsunamis Earth Science > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Tidal Height Earth Science > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Sea Surface Height Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Natural Hazards > Tsunamis

Complete Metadata
@type dcat:Dataset
accessLevel non-public
contactPoint 
{
  "fn": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information",
  "@type": "vcard:Contact",
  "hasEmail": "mailto:haz.info@noaa.gov"
}
describedByType application/octet-steam
description These water level data were digitized from a scanned marigram image associated with the tsunami event of 1945-11-27 at a tide gauge located at Karachi, Pakistan, and referenced to station datum. The Karachi marigram is one of the two instrumental records existing of the 1945 Makran tsunami and spans most of the 16 days between November 15 and December 1. The original Karachi analog record belongs to the Survey of India (SOI) and was collected and digitized by the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) and Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) for use in the publication of a few scientific papers. This digital marigram scan was reformatted into the accompanying digital, numerical time series by the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO. Acknowledgement of SOI, NIO, and INCOIS should be included in any future scientific works using this record.
distribution 
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    "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
    "title": "NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration November 27, 1945 marigram from Karachi, Pakistan",
    "format": "NETCDF",
    "mediaType": "application/x-netcdf",
    "description": "Data access to scanned marigram netCDF data.",
    "downloadURL": "https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/19451127_1761/digitized/kara_19451127.nc",
    "describedByType": "application/octet-stream"
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  {
    "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
    "title": "NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration November 27, 1945 marigram from Karachi, Pakistan",
    "format": "CSV",
    "mediaType": "text/csv",
    "description": "Data access to scanned marigram CSV data.",
    "downloadURL": "https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/19451127_1761/digitized/kara_19451127.csv.gz",
    "describedByType": "application/octet-stream"
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    "title": "NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration November 27, 1945 marigram from Karachi, Pakistan",
    "format": "ZIP",
    "mediaType": "application/zip",
    "description": "Data access to scanned marigram TIFF data.",
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    "describedByType": "application/octet-stream"
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  {
    "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
    "title": "NGDC/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database",
    "format": "HTML",
    "mediaType": "text/html",
    "description": "Access to historical tsunami source and effects information database on tsunami events from 2000 B.C. to the present in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, and the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas.",
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    "describedByType": "application/octet-stream"
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  {
    "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
    "title": "Station Documentation for KARACHI",
    "accessURL": "https://www.psmsl.org/data/obtaining/stations/204.php",
    "mediaType": "text/html",
    "description": "Providing station identification, location, provenance, and other documentation for the Karachi tide gauge station.",
    "describedByType": "application/octet-stream"
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    "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
    "title": "Revised Local Reference (RLR) Diagram for KARACHI",
    "accessURL": "https://www.psmsl.org/data/obtaining/rlr.diagrams/204.php",
    "mediaType": "text/html",
    "description": "Diagram of vertical offsets among related historical datums at the Karachi tide gauge station.",
    "describedByType": "application/octet-stream"
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    "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
    "title": "Karachi tides during the 1945 Makran tsunami",
    "accessURL": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-018-0121-z",
    "mediaType": "text/html",
    "description": "Cite as: Adams, L.M., Atwater, B.F., and Hasan, H. Karachi tides during the 1945 Makran tsunami. Geosci. Lett. 5, 25 (2018) doi:10.1186/s40562-018-0121-z",
    "describedByType": "application/octet-stream"
  },
  {
    "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
    "title": "A digital elevation model for simulating the 1945 Makran tsunami in Karachi Harbour",
    "accessURL": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-018-0117-8",
    "mediaType": "text/html",
    "description": "Cite as: Hasan, H., Atwater, B.F., and Ahmed, S. A digital elevation model for simulating the 1945 Makran tsunami in Karachi Harbour. Geosci. Lett. 5, 23 (2018) doi:10.1186/s40562-018-0117-8",
    "describedByType": "application/octet-stream"
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  {
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    "title": "GCMD Keyword Forum Page",
    "accessURL": "https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords",
    "mediaType": "text/html",
    "description": "Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2024. GCMD Keywords, Version 19. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords",
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identifier https://data.noaa.gov/waf/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC/MGG/Hazards/iso/xml/marigram_1945_metadata.xml
issued 2019-10-24T00:00:00.000+00:00
keyword 
[
  "Earth Science > Oceans > Tides",
  "Earth Science > Oceans > Tides > Tidal Currents",
  "Earth Science > Oceans > Tides > Tidal Heights",
  "Earth Science > Oceans > Tides > Tidal Range",
  "Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Waves > Tsunamis",
  "Earth Science > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Tidal Height",
  "Earth Science > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Sea Surface Height",
  "Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Natural Hazards > Tsunamis",
  "Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Natural Hazards > Earthquakes",
  "Continent > Asia > Southcentral Asia > Pakistan",
  "Ocean > Indian Ocean > Arabian Sea",
  "Karachi",
  "In Situ Land-Based Platforms > Ocean Platform/Ocean Stations > Coastal Stations",
  "In Situ/Laboratory Instruments > Gauges > Tide Gauges",
  "ICSU-WDS > International Council for Science - World Data System",
  "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information"
]
language 
[]
license https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
modified 2019-10-24T00:00:00.000+00:00
publisher 
{
  "name": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information",
  "@type": "org:Organization"
}
references 
[
  "https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu_db.shtml",
  "https://www.psmsl.org/data/obtaining/stations/204.php",
  "https://www.psmsl.org/data/obtaining/rlr.diagrams/204.php",
  "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-018-0121-z",
  "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-018-0117-8"
]
rights otherRestrictions
spatial 66.97,24.804,66.97,24.804
temporal 1945-11-15T05:15:25+00:00/1945-12-01T05:29:56+00:00
theme 
[
  "geospatial"
]
title Archival and Discovery of November 27, 1945 Tsunami Event on Marigrams

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