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Tumor necrosis factor-α and muscle wasting: a cellular perspective

Published by National Institutes of Health | U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | Catalog Last Checked: September 07, 2025 at 06:18 PM | Dataset Last Updated: September 06, 2025
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a polypeptide cytokine that has been associated with muscle wasting and weakness in inflammatory disease. Despite its potential importance in muscle pathology, the direct effects of TNF-α on skeletal muscle have remained undefined until recently. Studies of cultured muscle cells indicate that TNF-α disrupts the differentiation process and can promote catabolism in mature cells. The latter response appears to be mediated by reactive oxygen species and nuclear factor-κB which upregulate ubiquitin/proteasome activity. This commentary outlines our current understanding of TNF-α effects on skeletal muscle and the mechanism of TNF-α action.

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