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Risk Of Bias

Published by National Center for PTSD | Department of Veterans Affairs | Catalog Last Checked: April 29, 2026 at 11:36 PM | Dataset Last Updated: April 24, 2026
Each study in the PTSD Repository was coded for risk of bias (RoB) in specific domains as well as an overall risk of bias for the study. Detailed information about the specific coding strategy is available in Comparative Effectiveness Review [CER] No. 207, Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Adults with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. (See our "Risk of Bias" data story.) Cochrane's Risk of Bias 2 rating system was used. Most domains were rated as Yes (i.e., minimal risk of bias), No (i.e., high risk of bias) or Unclear (i.e., bias could not be determined). The overall study rating is based on the domains and is coded as low, some concerns, or high risk of bias. The 5 domains that were included as components of the overall rating include: Bias due to randomization; Bias due to deviations from intended interventions; Bias due to missing data; Bias in the measurement of outcomes; and Bias in the selection of the reported result.

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