The dataset includes several variables sampled across 54 recently burned aspen sites, with data collected in 2014 and 2015. Additionally, the dataset includes mean 30-year (1980-2008) and mean six year ‘fire-regen period’ (i.e., fire year and five years after fire) climate values for each site. The climate data presented here were used to calculate explanatory variables used in analysis, as outlined in the publication. Plots were located across a regional climate gradient spanning from the north-central Great Basin to the northeastern portion of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (USA). Several attributes (e.g. tree characteristics, evidence of animal herbivory, shrub cover) were sampled at each plot. All trees present within a plot were counted to determine density. All large trees (stems greater than/equal to 10 cm diameter) were sampled as were all small trees (stems less than 10 cm diameter). Small trees were also divided into two height classes (less than 2 m or greater than/equal to 2 m tall). All trees were identified to species, and all conifers were grouped for analyses.