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Hourly Thermal Load Profiles for U.S. Manufacturing Subsectors

Published by National Laboratory of the Rockies | Department of Energy | Catalog Last Checked: August 03, 2026 at 01:04 AM | Dataset Last Updated: May 07, 2026 at 03:40 PM
This dataset includes a consistent framework of annual, quarterly, and hourly energy demand and operational profiles for 63 U.S. manufacturing subsectors defined by NAICS classification, building on the county-level demand dataset "Updated U.S. Low-Temperature Heating and Cooling Demand by County and Sector" and the methods described in "Geospatial Characterization of Low-Temperature Heating and Cooling Demand in the United States" (both linked below). The dataset integrates U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS) data with a quarterly operating schedule reconstruction based on the U.S. Census Bureau Quarterly Plant Capacity Utilization (QPC) dataset. A project-specific methodology (publication under consideration) is used to translate capacity utilization, operating days, and shift structures into consistent hourly operating schedules and end-use energy allocations. The dataset consists of three interconnected components. First, annual total thermal energy demand by end use and fuel type is estimated for each manufacturing subsector, including conventional boiler use, process heating, process cooling and refrigeration, and facility heating and cooling. County-level annual total thermal energy demand data are also included. Second, quarterly operating characteristics are derived from QPC-based utilization data and disaggregated into hours, shifts, and operating states, including full operation, transition, and non-operation, to represent industrial operating schedules. Third, these quarterly operating structures are converted into hourly load allocation profiles that distribute energy demand across the year at hourly resolution, ensuring consistency with both annual energy totals and operational constraints. Together, this framework provides a consistent, multi-scale representation of manufacturing energy demand across subsectors, fuels, end uses, time (annual to hourly), and geography (national to county level) and is designed for integration with power system modeling, industrial energy analysis, and high-resolution demand studies.

Resources

6 resources available

  • Geospatial Characterization of Low-Temperature Heating and Cooling Demand in the United States

    114875
    Visit Page

  • 0 Quarterly Industrial Operating Characteristics.xlsx

    XLSX
    Visit Page

  • 1 Hourly Manufacturing Load Schedule.xlsx

    XLSX
    Visit Page

  • 2 Annual Manufacturing Thermal Energy Demand by End Use and Fuel.xlsx

    XLSX
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  • 3 Annual Manufacturing Thermal Energy Demand by County.xlsx

    XLSX
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  • U.S. Low-Temperature Heating and Cooling Demand

    HTML
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Complete Metadata
@type dcat:Dataset
accessLevel public
bureauCode 
[
  "019:20"
]
contactPoint 
{
  "fn": "Hyunjun Oh",
  "@type": "vcard:Contact",
  "hasEmail": "mailto:hyunjun.oh@nlr.gov"
}
dataQuality 
true
description This dataset includes a consistent framework of annual, quarterly, and hourly energy demand and operational profiles for 63 U.S. manufacturing subsectors defined by NAICS classification, building on the county-level demand dataset "Updated U.S. Low-Temperature Heating and Cooling Demand by County and Sector" and the methods described in "Geospatial Characterization of Low-Temperature Heating and Cooling Demand in the United States" (both linked below). The dataset integrates U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS) data with a quarterly operating schedule reconstruction based on the U.S. Census Bureau Quarterly Plant Capacity Utilization (QPC) dataset. A project-specific methodology (publication under consideration) is used to translate capacity utilization, operating days, and shift structures into consistent hourly operating schedules and end-use energy allocations. The dataset consists of three interconnected components. First, annual total thermal energy demand by end use and fuel type is estimated for each manufacturing subsector, including conventional boiler use, process heating, process cooling and refrigeration, and facility heating and cooling. County-level annual total thermal energy demand data are also included. Second, quarterly operating characteristics are derived from QPC-based utilization data and disaggregated into hours, shifts, and operating states, including full operation, transition, and non-operation, to represent industrial operating schedules. Third, these quarterly operating structures are converted into hourly load allocation profiles that distribute energy demand across the year at hourly resolution, ensuring consistency with both annual energy totals and operational constraints. Together, this framework provides a consistent, multi-scale representation of manufacturing energy demand across subsectors, fuels, end uses, time (annual to hourly), and geography (national to county level) and is designed for integration with power system modeling, industrial energy analysis, and high-resolution demand studies.
distribution 
[
  {
    "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
    "title": "Geospatial Characterization of Low-Temperature Heating and Cooling Demand in the United States",
    "format": "114875",
    "accessURL": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114875",
    "mediaType": "application/octet-stream",
    "description": "Peer-reviewed article describing the methodology used to characterize U.S. low-temperature heating and cooling demand by sector and county, including the manufacturing-sector demand estimates referenced in this submission."
  },
  {
    "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
    "title": "0 Quarterly Industrial Operating Characteristics.xlsx",
    "format": "xlsx",
    "accessURL": "https://gdr.openei.org/files/1832/0%29%20Quarterly%20Industrial%20Operating%20Characteristics.xlsx",
    "mediaType": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet",
    "description": "Summarizes quarterly variation in average weekly plant operating hours by NAICS industry using QPC-based operating characteristics."
  },
  {
    "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
    "title": "1 Hourly Manufacturing Load Schedule.xlsx",
    "format": "xlsx",
    "accessURL": "https://gdr.openei.org/files/1832/1%29%20Hourly%20Manufacturing%20Load%20Schedule.xlsx",
    "mediaType": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet",
    "description": "This spreadsheet provides an hourly resolution representation of manufacturing operational schedules derived from the quarterly MECS-based operating structure. "
  },
  {
    "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
    "title": "2 Annual Manufacturing Thermal Energy Demand by End Use and Fuel.xlsx",
    "format": "xlsx",
    "accessURL": "https://gdr.openei.org/files/1832/2%29%20Annual%20Manufacturing%20Thermal%20Energy%20Demand%20by%20End%20Use%20and%20Fuel.xlsx",
    "mediaType": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet",
    "description": "This spreadsheet summarizes annual thermal demand in kWh for 63 manufacturing subsectors by end us and fuel type, based on 2022 EIA MECS data and the methodology described in Geospatial Characterization of Low-Temperature Heating and Cooling Demand in the United States."
  },
  {
    "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
    "title": "3 Annual Manufacturing Thermal Energy Demand by County.xlsx",
    "format": "xlsx",
    "accessURL": "https://gdr.openei.org/files/1832/3%29%20Annual%20Manufacturing%20Thermal%20Energy%20Demand%20by%20County.xlsx",
    "mediaType": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet",
    "description": "This spreadsheet summarizes annual thermal demand in terajoule) for manufacturing industries at the county level, disaggregated by NAICS industry and end-use category building on Updated U.S. Low-Temperature Heating and Cooling Demand by County and Sector."
  },
  {
    "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
    "title": "U.S. Low-Temperature Heating and Cooling Demand",
    "format": "HTML",
    "accessURL": "https://gdr.openei.org/submissions/1465",
    "mediaType": "text/html",
    "description": "Dataset providing county-level U.S. low-temperature heating and cooling demand by sector, including residential, commercial, manufacturing, agricultural, and data centers. This resource provides the county-level demand dataset referenced in this submission."
  }
]
identifier https://data.openei.org/submissions/8683
issued 2026-04-24T06:00:00Z
keyword 
[
  "EIA MECS",
  "NAICS",
  "QPC",
  "U.S. manufacturing",
  "boiler use",
  "capacity utilization",
  "end-use energy",
  "energy",
  "facility cooling",
  "facility heating",
  "fuel type",
  "geothermal",
  "hourly load profiles",
  "industrial energy demand",
  "manufacturing",
  "operating schedules",
  "process cooling",
  "process heating",
  "processed data",
  "refrigeration",
  "thermal energy demand"
]
landingPage https://gdr.openei.org/submissions/1832
license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
modified 2026-05-07T15:40:03Z
programCode 
[
  "019:006"
]
projectLead Anna Hagstrom
projectNumber 
"41220"
projectTitle National GHC capacity expansion modeling and value streams analysis
publisher 
{
  "name": "National Laboratory of the Rockies",
  "@type": "org:Organization"
}
spatial 
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title Hourly Thermal Load Profiles for U.S. Manufacturing Subsectors

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