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Enhanced Gain Extrapolation
We present an overview on a recently developed
technique for performing antenna gain measurements with gain
extrapolation that uses significantly fewer data points and at
shorter distances than traditional gain extrapolation. This enhanced
technique purposely incorporates third-order mutual
coupling between antennas, which can be thought of as a useful
homodyne signal, rather than an unwanted degradation of the
antenna-to-antenna coupling signal as has been the historically
accepted viewpoint. From Wacker’s fundamental extrapolation
equations, we give the development of the third-order signal
which underpins this technique. From the third-order signal the
framing of gain extrapolation can be approached as a measure
of interference fringes, as opposed to a by-rote curve fitting
problem, and thus provides ways of specifying the number
of required data points and measurement distances so as to
reduce both significantly from the traditional gain extrapolation
approach. The truncation order of the full signal expansion,
as it relates to the conditioning of the problem, is presented
in light of the behavior of the design matrix that defines the
gain extrapolation scenario and the orders of scattering, thus
leading to fewer required samples. Along with considerations of
the matrix conditioning, guidelines are presented from the thirdorder
signal and interference fringes for sampling criteria and
sampling accuracy criteria. These aid in choices of measurement
system accuracy and precision requirements based on known
values of the operating frequency, wavelength, and antenna
dimensions. Bounds for gain uncertainty based on these sampling
criteria are also given. Results comparing NIST reference antenna
measurements made with the traditional gain extrapolation
and enhanced gain extrapolation technique are presented. It is
shown that the enhanced technique can produce gain values in
agreement and within uncertainties of the traditional technique
for the reference antennas.
Resources
4 resources available
-
Ku-Band antenna gain comparison
CSV -
README
TXT -
Singular values
CSV -
Uncertainty Table 2 data.
CSV
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Complete Metadata
| @type | dcat:Dataset |
|---|---|
| accessLevel | public |
| accrualPeriodicity | irregular |
| bureauCode |
[ "006:55" ] |
| contactPoint |
{ "fn": "Josh Gordon", "hasEmail": "mailto:josh.gordon@nist.gov" } |
| description | We present an overview on a recently developed technique for performing antenna gain measurements with gain extrapolation that uses significantly fewer data points and at shorter distances than traditional gain extrapolation. This enhanced technique purposely incorporates third-order mutual coupling between antennas, which can be thought of as a useful homodyne signal, rather than an unwanted degradation of the antenna-to-antenna coupling signal as has been the historically accepted viewpoint. From Wacker’s fundamental extrapolation equations, we give the development of the third-order signal which underpins this technique. From the third-order signal the framing of gain extrapolation can be approached as a measure of interference fringes, as opposed to a by-rote curve fitting problem, and thus provides ways of specifying the number of required data points and measurement distances so as to reduce both significantly from the traditional gain extrapolation approach. The truncation order of the full signal expansion, as it relates to the conditioning of the problem, is presented in light of the behavior of the design matrix that defines the gain extrapolation scenario and the orders of scattering, thus leading to fewer required samples. Along with considerations of the matrix conditioning, guidelines are presented from the thirdorder signal and interference fringes for sampling criteria and sampling accuracy criteria. These aid in choices of measurement system accuracy and precision requirements based on known values of the operating frequency, wavelength, and antenna dimensions. Bounds for gain uncertainty based on these sampling criteria are also given. Results comparing NIST reference antenna measurements made with the traditional gain extrapolation and enhanced gain extrapolation technique are presented. It is shown that the enhanced technique can produce gain values in agreement and within uncertainties of the traditional technique for the reference antennas. |
| distribution |
[ { "title": "Ku-Band antenna gain comparison", "mediaType": "text/csv", "description": "Ku-Band antenna gain comparison data set for Table 1", "downloadURL": "https://data.nist.gov/od/ds/mds2-3813/Ku-Band-Gain%20Comparison%20Table-I.csv" }, { "title": "README", "mediaType": "text/plain", "description": "README file.", "downloadURL": "https://data.nist.gov/od/ds/mds2-3813/3813_README.txt" }, { "title": "Singular values", "mediaType": "text/csv", "description": "Singular valued vs order n for Figure 1.", "downloadURL": "https://data.nist.gov/od/ds/mds2-3813/singvals-vs-n.csv" }, { "title": "Uncertainty Table 2 data.", "mediaType": "text/csv", "description": "Uncertainty table 2 data.", "downloadURL": "https://data.nist.gov/od/ds/mds2-3813/Uncertainty%20Table-II.csv" } ] |
| identifier | ark:/88434/mds2-3813 |
| issued | 2025-06-13 |
| keyword |
[ "antenna gain", "antenna measurements", "gain", "gain extrapolation", "gain measurements", "sparse measurements" ] |
| landingPage | https://data.nist.gov/od/id/mds2-3813 |
| language |
[ "en" ] |
| license | https://www.nist.gov/open/license |
| modified | 2025-04-23 00:00:00 |
| programCode |
[ "006:045" ] |
| publisher |
{ "name": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "@type": "org:Organization" } |
| theme |
[ "Advanced Communications:Wireless (RF)", "Electronics:Electromagnetics", "Metrology", "Metrology:Electrical/electromagnetic metrology" ] |
| title | Enhanced Gain Extrapolation |
