noaa-forcing-18475 eng; USA utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact NOAA World Data Service for Paleoclimatology Data Center Contact 828-271-4800 303-497-6513 325 Broadway, E/NE31 Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA paleo@noaa.gov pointOfContact 2024-11-27 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Solar Variability Over the Last 3000 Years 2015-04-26 publication doi:10.25921/f4kt-w547 noaa-forcing-18475 NCEI DSI 1200_02 NCEI DSI 1200_01 Usoskin, I.G. originator Usoskin, I.G. author Hulot, G. originator Hulot, G. author Gallet, Y. originator Gallet, Y. author Roth, R. originator Roth, R. author Licht, A. originator Licht, A. author Joos, F. originator Joos, F. author Kovaltsov, G.A. originator Kovaltsov, G.A. author Thébault, E. originator Thébault, E. author Khokhlov, A. originator Khokhlov, A. author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information publisher tableDigital This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Forcing. The data include parameters of climate forcing with a geographic location of Global. The time period coverage is from 3095 to 5 in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data. Records of changes in solar irradiance, volcanic aerosols, atmospheric trace gases, and other properties thought to influence climate in the past. Parameter keywords describe what was measured in this dataset. Additional summary information can be found in the abstracts of papers listed in the dataset citations. completed NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact NOAA World Data Service for Paleoclimatology Data Center Contact 828-271-4800 303-497-6513 325 Broadway, E/NE31 Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA paleo@noaa.gov pointOfContact https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/webimages/pc-default-forcing.png Paleoclimatology - Climate Forcing PNG Earth Science > Climate Indicators > Paleoclimate Indicators > Paleoclimate Forcing theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing > solar theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian What: sunspot number; Material: null What: solar modulation potential; Material: null What: solar modulation potential; Material: null What: sunspot number; Material: null What: solar modulation potential; Material: null What: age; Material: null What: sunspot number; Material: null theme Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/paleoenvironmental-standard-terms-thesaurus PaST Thesaurus information publisher Geographic Region > Global > Global > LATITUDE > LONGITUDE place DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian otherRestrictions Cite as: Usoskin, I.G.; Hulot, G.; Gallet, Y.; Roth, R.; Licht, A.; Joos, F.; Kovaltsov, G.A.; Thébault, E.; Khokhlov, A. (2015-04-26): NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Solar Variability Over the Last 3000 Years. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/f4kt-w547. Accessed [date]. otherRestrictions Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. 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Evidence for distinct modes of solar activity 2014 publication Usoskin, I.G; Hulot, G; Gallet, Y.; Roth, R.; Licht, A.; Joos, F.; Kovaltsov, G.A.; Thébault, E.; Khokhlov, A. author Astronomy and Astrophysics publisher https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201423391 HTTPS Web Browser Associated Reference published 2014 Usoskin, I.G; Hulot, G; Gallet, Y.; Roth, R.; Licht, A.; Joos, F.; Kovaltsov, G.A.; Thébault, E.; Khokhlov, A., 2014: Evidence for distinct modes of solar activity. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 562, , 10.1051/0004-6361/201423391 information crossReference sciencePaper eng; USA geoscientificInformation Date Range: -1145 CE to 1945 CE; Date Range: 3095 cal yr BP to 5 cal yr BP; -180 180 -90 90 -1145 1945 STUDY NOTES: Solar variability, reconstructed from 14C data (Roth and Joos, 2013) using new archeomagnetic data (Licht et al., 2013) ABSTRACT SUPPLIED BY ORIGINATOR: Aims. The Sun shows strong variability in its magnetic activity, from Grand minima to Grand maxima, but the nature of the variability is not fully understood, mostly because of the insufficient length of the directly observed solar activity records and of uncertainties related to long-term reconstructions. Here we present a new adjustment-free reconstruction of solar activity over three millennia and study its different modes. Methods. We present a new adjustment-free, physical reconstruction of solar activity over the past three millennia, using the latest verified carbon cycle, 14C production, and archeomagnetic field models. This great improvement allowed us to study different modes of solar activity at an unprecedented level of details. Results. The distribution of solar activity is clearly bi-modal, implying the existence of distinct modes of activity. The main regular activity mode corresponds to moderate activity that varies in a relatively narrow band between sunspot numbers 20 and 67. The existence of a separate Grand minimum mode with reduced solar activity, which cannot be explained by random fluctuations of the regular mode, is confirmed at a high confidence level. The possible existence of a separate Grand maximum mode is also suggested, but the statistics is too low to reach a confident conclusion. Conclusions. The Sun is shown to operate in distinct modes - a main general mode, a Grand minimum mode corresponding to an inactive Sun, and a possible Grand maximum mode corresponding to an unusually active Sun. These results provide important constraints for both dynamo models of Sun-like stars and investigations of possible solar influence on Earth's climate. 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Native Format(s) https://doi.org/10.25921/f4kt-w547 HTTPS Landing Page Metadata Landing Page NCEI landing page with general information and links to access the data. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/18475 HTTPS Web Browser NOAA Study Page Study page with data access information. search https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/climate-forcing HTTPS Information NCEI Forcing Page General information for this data type. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/solar_variability/usoskin2014solar.txt HTTPS Download NCEI Direct Download Direct download links for dataset files. download asNeeded This ISO metadata record was translated from DIF metadata using dif-9x-to-iso-19115-2.xsl Version: 2022-06-21