gov.noaa.nodc:0301544 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-07-30T13:18:22Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Revised estimates of ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux accounting for near-surface temperature and salinity deviations from 1985-01-01 to 2019-12-31 (NCEI Accession 0301544) 2025-02-05 publication 2025-02-04 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/2dp5-xm29 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0301544 NCEI Archive Management System 0301544 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Andrew J. Watson University of Exeter andrew.watson@exeter.ac.uk http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information resourceProvider University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information resourceProvider Andrew Watson University of Exeter andrew.watson@exeter.ac.uk http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Ute Schuster University of Exeter U.Schuster@exeter.ac.uk http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information collaborator Jamie Shutler University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information collaborator Thomas Holding University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information collaborator Ian Ashton University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information collaborator Peter Landschützer Max Planck Institute for Meteorology - Hamburg (MPI) peter.landschuetzer@mpimet.mpg.de collaborator David K Woolf Heriot-Watt University collaborator Lonneke Goddijn-Murphy University of the Highlands and Islands collaborator Watson, Andrew J. University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Schuster, Ute University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Shutler, Jamie D. University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Holding, Thomas University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Ashton, Ian G. C. University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Landschützer, Peter Max Planck Institute for Meteorology - Hamburg author Woolf, David K. Heriot-Watt University author Goddijn-Murphy, Lonneke University of the Highlands and Islands author University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information contributor tableDigital The ocean is a sink for ~25% of the atmospheric CO2 emitted by human activities, an amount in excess of 2 petagrams of carbon per year (PgC yr−1). Time-resolved estimates of global ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux provide an important constraint on the global carbon budget. However, previous estimates of this flux, derived from surface ocean CO2 concentrations, have not corrected the data for temperature gradients between the surface and sampling at a few meters depth, or for the effect of the cool ocean surface skin. Here we calculate a time history of ocean-atmosphere CO2 fluxes from 1992 to 2018, corrected for these effects. These increase the calculated net flux into the oceans significantly. This dataset is available to the public for a wide variety of uses including scientific research and analysis. Funding Information: Royal Society (Research Professorship, RP140106) completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0301544 Preview graphic PNG 0301544 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2025-02-04 publication AIR-SEA FLUX - PARTIAL PRESSURE (OR FUGACITY) OF CARBON DIOXIDE theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS chemical derived products theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS University of Exeter dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS University of Exeter dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS) project NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS World-Wide Distribution place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS) Project project Ocean Acidification Search Keywords Royal SOciety Research Professorship to A. J. Watson: RP140106 project Research Projects EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > CARBON DIOXIDE theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Data synthesis product Derived products theme OCADS Study Type fgco2 theme Provider Variable Abbreviations CO2 ANALYZERS > CO2 ANALYZERS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian GEOGRAPHIC REGION > GLOBAL OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian World-Wide Distribution place Provider Geographic Names accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Watson, Andrew J.; Schuster, Ute; Shutler, Jamie D.; Holding, Thomas; Ashton, Ian G. C.; Landschützer, Peter; Woolf, David K.; Goddijn-Murphy, Lonneke (2025). Revised estimates of ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux accounting for near-surface temperature and salinity deviations from 1985-01-01 to 2019-12-31 (NCEI Accession 0301544). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/2dp5-xm29. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. Please cite the Nature Comms paper if you use this data in a publication. license This dataset has been dedicated to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication. SPDX License: Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal (CC0-1.0) NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022). Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system 2022-04 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system OCADS website information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital [accessed 2024-02-08] crossReference program Watson, A. J., Schuster, U., Shutler, J. D., Holding, T., Ashton, I. G. C., Landschützer, P., Woolf, D. K., & Goddijn-Murphy, L. (2020). Revised estimates of ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux are consistent with ocean carbon inventory. Nature Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3 2020-09-04 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3 related journal article information Watson, Andrew J. University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Schuster, Ute author Shutler, Jamie D. University of Exeter Cornwall Campus author Holding, Thomas author Ashton, Ian G. C. University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Landschützer, Peter Flanders Marine Institute author Woolf, David K. author Goddijn-Murphy, Lonneke University of the Highlands and Islands author Springer Science and Business Media LLC publisher documentDigital Nat Commun 11(1) ISSN 2041-1723 crossReference project Numerical Data Packages, and other publications and tools 2022 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/ HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/ Related resource information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital crossReference project eng; USA utf8 environment oceans -180 180 -90 90 1985-01-01 2019-12-31 This data package (Submission ID: BH3KR9U1E) was acquired by NCEI from the Scientific Data Integration System (SDIS) at the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) in accordance with the archival submission agreement between NCEI and PMEL. For description of the method see Watson et al, Nature. Communications vol11 art no 4422, (2020) NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. Originator data format 426.208 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0301544.html HTTPS Web browser Project Metadata Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://doi.org/10.25921/2dp5-xm29 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/301544 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/301544 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0233/0301544/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0301544 v1.1 was published. 2025-02-05T21:14:54Z NCEI Accession 0301544 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0301544/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0301544 v1.1 published 2025-02-05T21:14:54Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: Sea-to-air flux of CO2; Abbreviation: fgco2; Unit: mol m-2 s-1; Measured or calculated: CALCULATED; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Please see readme file and Watson et al 2020 asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer measures gaseous carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide gas analyzer has often been referred to as LI-COR, because a lot of researchers choose to use products manufactured by LI-COR incorporation for their carbon dioxide measurement. The main component of a carbon dioxide analyzer is a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopic sensors to detect CO2 in a gaseous environment by its characteristic absorption. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator (insttypes_id 184) to measure carbon dioxide in the water. To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water.