noaa-icecore-14172 eng; USA utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact NOAA World Data Service for Paleoclimatology Data Center Contact 828-271-4800 303-497-6513 325 Broadway, E/NE31 Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA paleo@noaa.gov pointOfContact 2024-12-06 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - WAIS Divide Ice Core 2400 Year Sulfate and Nitrate Isotope Data 2013-03-28 publication doi:10.25921/1dpn-w303 noaa-icecore-14172 NCEI DSI 1200_02 NCEI DSI 1200_01 Sofen, E.D. originator Sofen, E.D. author Alexander, B. originator Alexander, B. author Steig, E.J. originator Steig, E.J. author Thiemens, M.H. originator Thiemens, M.H. author Kunasek, S.A. originator Kunasek, S.A. author Amos, H.M. originator Amos, H.M. author Schauer, A.J. originator Schauer, A.J. author Hastings, M.G. originator Hastings, M.G. author Bautista, J. originator Bautista, J. author Jackson, T.L. originator Jackson, T.L. author Vogel, L.E. originator Vogel, L.E. author McConnell, J.R. originator McConnell, J.R. author Pasteris, D.R. originator Pasteris, D.R. author Saltzman, E.S. originator Saltzman, E.S. author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information publisher tableDigital This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Ice Core. The data include parameters of ice cores with a geographic location of Antarctica. The time period coverage is from 2377 to -58 in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data. Records of past temperature, precipitation, atmospheric trace gases, and other aspects of climate and environment derived from ice cores drilled on glaciers and ice caps around the world. Parameter keywords describe what was measured in this dataset. Additional summary information can be found in the abstracts of papers listed in the dataset citations. completed NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact NOAA World Data Service for Paleoclimatology Data Center Contact 828-271-4800 303-497-6513 325 Broadway, E/NE31 Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA paleo@noaa.gov pointOfContact https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/webimages/pc-default-icecore.png Paleoclimatology - Ice Core PNG Earth Science > Climate Indicators > Paleoclimate Indicators > Ice Core Records Earth Science > Paleoclimate > Ice Core Records theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice core > nitrogen isotopes earth science > paleoclimate > ice core > oxygen isotopes theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian What: sample identification; Material: null What: delta 17O excess; Material: nitrate What: nitrate; Material: bulk ice What: sample identification; Material: null What: depth at sample start; Material: null What: accumulation rate; Material: bulk ice What: depth at sample end; Material: null What: age at sample end; Material: null What: sodium; Material: bulk ice What: delta 17O excess; Material: nitrate What: hydrogen peroxide; Material: bulk ice What: delta 17O excess; Material: sulfate What: delta 17O excess; Material: non-sea-salt sulfate What: delta 17O excess; Material: nitrate What: delta 15N; Material: nitrate What: sample identification; Material: null What: delta 15N; Material: nitrate What: methanesulfonic acid; Material: bulk ice What: sample identification; Material: null What: age at sample start; Material: null What: delta 17O excess; Material: sulfate What: delta 17O excess; Material: sulfate What: sulfate; Material: bulk ice What: accumulation rate; Material: bulk ice What: acidity; Material: bulk ice What: delta 15N; Material: nitrate What: sea salt; Material: bulk ice What: sulfur; Material: bulk ice What: sodium; Material: bulk ice What: delta 18O; Material: bulk ice What: delta 17O excess; Material: nitrate What: delta 15N; Material: nitrate theme Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/paleoenvironmental-standard-terms-thesaurus PaST Thesaurus information publisher Continent > Antarctica > WAIS Divide WDC05Q > LATITUDE -79.47 > LONGITUDE -112.08 Continent > Antarctica > WAIS Divide WDC06A > LATITUDE -79.4676 > LONGITUDE -112.0865 Continent > Antarctica > WAIS Divide WDC05A > LATITUDE -79.47 > LONGITUDE -112.13 place DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian otherRestrictions Cite as: Sofen, E.D.; Alexander, B.; Steig, E.J.; Thiemens, M.H.; Kunasek, S.A.; Amos, H.M.; Schauer, A.J.; Hastings, M.G.; Bautista, J.; Jackson, T.L.; Vogel, L.E.; McConnell, J.R.; Pasteris, D.R.; Saltzman, E.S. (2013-03-28): NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - WAIS Divide Ice Core 2400 Year Sulfate and Nitrate Isotope Data. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/1dpn-w303. Accessed [date]. otherRestrictions Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose otherRestrictions None otherRestrictions Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site. WAIS Divide ice core record suggests sustained changes in the chemical formation pathways of sulfate and nitrate aerosol since the 19th century 2014 publication Sofen, E.D., B. Alexander, E.J. Steig, M.H. Thiemens, S.A. Kunasek, H.M. Amos, A.J. Schauer, M.G. Hastings, J. Bautista, T.L. Jackson, L.E. Vogel, J.R. McConnell, D.R. Pasteris, and E.S. Saltzman author Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics publisher https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5749-2014 HTTPS Web Browser Associated Reference published 2014 Sofen, E.D., B. Alexander, E.J. Steig, M.H. Thiemens, S.A. Kunasek, H.M. Amos, A.J. Schauer, M.G. Hastings, J. Bautista, T.L. Jackson, L.E. Vogel, J.R. McConnell, D.R. Pasteris, and E.S. Saltzman, 2014: WAIS Divide ice core record suggests sustained changes in the chemical formation pathways of sulfate and nitrate aerosol since the 19th century. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14, 5749-5769, 10.5194/acp-14-5749-2014 information crossReference sciencePaper eng; USA geoscientificInformation Date Range: -427 CE to 2008 CE; Date Range: 2377 cal yr BP to -58 cal yr BP; -112.13 -112.08 -79.47 -79.4676 -427 2008 STUDY NOTES: Isotopic composition of sulfate and nitrate from 3 WAIS Divide Ice Cores. Data set updated 10/7/2014 to add age model, correct citation, and add additional data (accumulation, MSA, NO3-, H2O2, Sulfur, Acid, NA+, water d18O). ABSTRACT SUPPLIED BY ORIGINATOR: The 17O excess (D17O = d17O-0.52 x d18O) of sulfate and nitrate reflects the relative importance of their different production pathways in the atmosphere. A new record of sulfate and nitrate D17O spanning the last 2400 years from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide ice core project shows significant changes in both sulfate and nitrate D17O in the most recent 200 years, indicating changes in their formation pathways. The sulfate D17O record exhibits a 1.1 per mil increase in the early 19th century from (2.4 +/- 0.2) per mil to (3.5 +/- 0.2) per mil, which suggests that an additional 12-18% of sulfate formation occurs via aqueous-phase production by O3, relative to that in the gas phase. Nitrate D17O gradually decreases over the whole record, with a more rapid decrease between the mid-19th century and the present day of 5.6 per mil, indicating an increasing importance of RO2 in NOx cycling between the mid-19th century and the present day in the mid- to high-latitude Southern Hemisphere. The former has implications for the climate impacts of sulfate aerosol, while the latter has implications for the tropospheric O3 production rate in remote low-NOx environments. Using other ice core observations, we rule out drivers for these changes other than variability in extratropical oxidant (OH, O3, RO2, H2O2, and reactive halogens) concentrations. However, assuming OH, H2O2, and O3 are the main oxidants contributing to sulfate formation, Monte Carlo box model simulations require a large (>= 260%) increase in the O3 /OH mole fraction ratio over the Southern Ocean in the early 19th century to match the sulfate D17O record. This unlikely scenario points to a~deficiency in our understanding of sulfur chemistry and suggests other oxidants may play an important role in sulfate formation in the mid- to high-latitude marine boundary layer. The observed decrease in nitrate D17O since the mid-19th century is most likely due to an increased importance of RO2 over O3 in NOx cycling and can be explained by a 60-90% decrease in the O3 / RO2 mole fraction ratio in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere NOx-source regions. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information distributor In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. Native Format(s) https://doi.org/10.25921/1dpn-w303 HTTPS Landing Page Metadata Landing Page NCEI landing page with general information and links to access the data. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/14172 HTTPS Web Browser NOAA Study Page Study page with data access information. search https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/ice-core HTTPS Information NCEI Ice Core Page General information for this data type. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/wais2013sulfate-nitrate-d17o.xlsx HTTPS Download NCEI Direct Download Direct download links for dataset files. download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/wais2013so4no3iso.txt HTTPS Download NCEI Direct Download Direct download links for dataset files. download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/wais2013d17o.txt HTTPS Download NCEI Direct Download Direct download links for dataset files. download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/wais2013d15n.txt HTTPS Download NCEI Direct Download Direct download links for dataset files. download asNeeded This ISO metadata record was translated from DIF metadata using dif-9x-to-iso-19115-2.xsl Version: 2022-06-21