gov.noaa.nodc:0291722 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-07-29T13:17:23Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Daily mean air temperature data for the North American Great Lakes based on coastal weather stations; 1897-2023 (NCEI Accession 0291722) 2024-04-25 publication 2025-04-22 revision 2024-04-23 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/ws45-s314 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0291722 NCEI Archive Management System 0291722 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Ayumi Fujisaki-Manome University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) ayumif@umich.edu https://ciglr.seas.umich.edu/ HTTPS University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) website Institution web page information resourceProvider University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) https://ciglr.seas.umich.edu/ HTTPS University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Ayumi Fujisaki-Manome University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) ayumif@umich.edu https://ciglr.seas.umich.edu/ HTTPS University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Fujisaki-Manome, Ayumi University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research https://ciglr.seas.umich.edu/ HTTPS University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) website Institution web page information author Cannon, David Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan https://ciglr.seas.umich.edu/ HTTPS University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) website Institution web page information author King, Katelyn School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan author University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) https://ciglr.seas.umich.edu/ HTTPS University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) website Institution web page information contributor tableDigital Daily maximum and minimum air temperature data were obtained from the Global Historical Climatology Network daily (GHCNd, Menne, et al. 2012) and the Great Lakes Air Temperature/Degree Day Climatology, 1897-1983 (Assel et al. 1995). Daily air temperature was calculated by taking a simple average of daily maximum and minimum air temperature. To accurately capture climate trends and variability, it is critical to ensure data consistency across the historical record, such as spatial coverage, a number of representative weather stations, and measurement details (e.g., sensor types and heights, measurement protocols) as any inconsistencies could result in apparent climate change in the data record. Bearing this in consideration and following Cohn et al. (2021), a total of 24 coastal locations along the Great Lakes were selected (see Figure 1 in the Method Document). These 24 locations had relatively consistent station data records since the 1890s while data from other locations had large gaps in time, or had inconsistencies among data from neighboring stations. Each of the selected locations had multiple weather stations in their proximity covering the historical period from 1890s to 2023, representing the weather conditions around the location. Only a couple of stations covered the whole historical period (e.g., Green Bay, WI). Therefore, for most of the locations, datasets from multiple stations in the proximity of each location were combined to create a continuous data record from the 1890s to 2023 (see Table 1 in the Method Document for station information and periods for which the station data was used). When doing so, data consistency was verified by comparing the data during the period when station datasets overlap. This procedure resulted in almost continuous timeseries, except for a few locations that still had temporal gaps of one to several days (e.g., Escanaba, MI). Therefore, any temporal data gap less than 10 days in the combined timeseries were filled based on the linear interpolation. This resulted in completely continuous timeseries for all the locations. Average daily air temperature was calculated from January 1, 1897 to October 22, 2023 by simply making an average of timeseries data from corresponding locations around each lake. This resulted in daily air temperature records for all five Great Lakes (Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario). The cumulative freezing degree days (CFDDs) and the net melting degree days (NMDDs) were also added to this version of the dataset. The description of the calculation methods for CFDD and NMDD can be found in the method document included in this dataset. This data was created for climate relevant research to understand decadal trends and variability. It is critical to ensure data consistency across the historical record, such as spatial coverage, a number of representative weather stations, and measurement details (e.g., sensor types and heights, measurement protocols) as any inconsistencies could result in apparent climate change in the data record. This data was created with a special care to ensure the temporal consistency to accurately capture climate trends and variability. Funding Agency: National Science Foundation Funding Agency: US DOC; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded NCEI Accession 0291722 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0291722 Preview graphic PNG 0291722 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2025-04-15 publication AIR TEMPERATURE Freezing Degree Days theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS thermometer instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS in situ theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS climatology theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication Advancing understanding of interannual variability and extreme events in the thermal structure of large lakes under historical and future climate scenarios Great Lakes Earth System Modeling project Provider Project Names EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian THERMOMETERS > THERMOMETERS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian WEATHER STATIONS > WEATHER STATIONS platform Provider Platform Names CONTINENT > NORTH AMERICA > CANADA > GREAT LAKES, CANADA CONTINENT > NORTH AMERICA > UNITED STATES OF AMERICA > GREAT LAKES place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian FG2WAF Send2NCEI Submission Package ID accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Fujisaki-Manome, Ayumi; Cannon, David; King, Katelyn (2024). Daily mean air temperature data for the North American Great Lakes based on coastal weather stations; 1897-2023 (NCEI Accession 0291722). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/ws45-s314. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. Assel, R. A. (1995). GLERL Great Lakes Air Temperature/Degree Day Climatology, 1897-1983. NSIDC. https://doi.org/10.7265/n5vd6wcj 1995 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.7265/n5vd6wcj https://doi.org/10.7265/n5vd6wcj HTTPS https://doi.org/10.7265/n5vd6wcj Dataset information Assel, R. A. author NSIDC publisher documentDigital crossReference Cohn, D., Davedu, S., Liu, L., Nakashima, M., & Peng, I. (2021). Great Lakes Ice Cover: Enriching Database and Improving Forecast. My University. https://doi.org/10.7302/1050 2021 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.7302/1050 https://doi.org/10.7302/1050 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.7302/1050 Master's report information Cohn, Danielle author Davedu, Santhi author Liu, Lian author Nakashima, Miye author Peng, Inigo author My University publisher documentDigital crossReference sciencePaper Menne, M. J., Durre, I., Vose, R. S., Gleason, B. E., & Houston, T. G. (2012). An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily Database. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 29(7), 897–910. https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00103.1 2012-07-01 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00103.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00103.1 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00103.1 Journal Article information Menne, Matthew J. National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina author Durre, Imke National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina author Vose, Russell S. National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina author Gleason, Byron E. National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina author Houston, Tamara G. National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina author American Meteorological Society publisher documentDigital Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29(7) ISSN 0739-0572, ISSN 1520-0426, pp. 897-910 crossReference eng; USA utf8 environment climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere -92.5 -75.6 41.2 49.12 1897-01-01 2023-10-22 In this accession, NCEI has archived multiple versions of these data. The latest (and best) version of these data has the largest version number. This dataset contains software code under MIT License found at: https://spdx.org/licenses/MIT.html. 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CSV 11.952 https://doi.org/10.25921/ws45-s314 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/291722 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/291722 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0226/0291722/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0291722 v1.1 was published. 2024-04-25T18:30:37Z NCEI Accession 0291722 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0291722/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0291722 v1.1 published 2024-04-25T18:30:37Z download NCEI Accession 0291722 was revised and v2.2 was published. Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2025-04-22T20:24:28Z NCEI Accession 0291722 v2.2 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0291722/2.2 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0291722 v2.2 published 2025-04-22T20:24:28Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: AIR TEMPERATURE (measured); Units: degrees C; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: thermometer asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian thermometer thermometer generic thermometer or reversing thermometer use thermometer when temperature is a data type, but the exact instrument used to measure temperature is unknown