gov.noaa.nodc:0173715 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-05-04T13:01:24Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database Version 6 (SOCATv6) (NCEI Accession 0173715) 2018-06-13 publication 2025-06-24 revision 2018-06-11 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.7289/v51z42r8 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0173715 NCEI Archive Management System 0173715 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Dorothee C. E. Bakker University of East Anglia (UEA) D.Bakker@uea.ac.uk https://www.uea.ac.uk/ HTTPS University of East Anglia (UEA) website Institution web page information resourceProvider University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences resourceProvider Dorothee Bakker University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences D.Bakker@uea.ac.uk principalInvestigator Siv K. Lauvset University of Bergen sivk@norceresearch.no principalInvestigator Rik Wanninkhof NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Rocío Castaño-Primo Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Rocio.Primo@uib.no https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Kim I. Currie National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) kim.currie@niwa.co.nz http://www.niwa.cri.nz HTTP National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Steve D. Jones University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) steve.jones@uib.no http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Camilla S. 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E. University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences author Lauvset, Siv K. University of Bergen author Wanninkhof, Rik NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Castaño-Primo, Rocío Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Currie, Kim I. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) kim.currie@niwa.co.nz http://www.niwa.cri.nz HTTP National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) website Institution web page information author Jones, Steve D. University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information author Landa, Camilla S. University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information author Metzl, Nicolas Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) author Nojiri, Yukihiro National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) author Nonaka, Isao National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) author O'Brien, Kevin M. University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information author Olsen, Are Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Pfeil, Benjamin University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information author Pierrot, Denis Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Schuster, Ute University of Exeter U.Schuster@exeter.ac.uk http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Smith, Karl NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Sullivan, Kevin F. Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) Kevin.Sullivan@noaa.gov https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Sutton, Adrienne J. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Tilbrook, Bronte Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) author Alin, Simone R. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Becker, Meike GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Benoit-Cattin, Alice Marine and Freshwater Research Institute (MFRI) alice.benoit-cattin@hafogvatn.is https://www.hafogvatn.is/ HTTPS Marine and Freshwater Research Institute (MFRI) website Institution web page information author Bott, Randy NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Bozec, Yann French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) yann.bozec@sb-roscoff.fr https://www.cnrs.fr/ HTTPS French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) website Institution web page information author Bozzano, Roberto National Research Council (CNR) http://www.cnr.it/ HTTP National Research Council (CNR) website Institution web page information author Burger, Eugene F. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Burgers, Tonya M. University of Manitoba https://umanitoba.ca/ HTTPS University of Manitoba website Institution web page information author Cai, Wei-Jun University of Delaware http://www.udel.edu/ HTTP University of Delaware website Institution web page information author Chen, Liqi State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography chenliqi@jmu.edu.cn http://www.tio.org.cn/ HTTP State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography website Institution web page information author Chierici, Melissa Institute of Marine Research - Norway (IMR) http://www.imr.no/english/ HTTP Institute of Marine Research - Norway (IMR) website Institution web page information author Corredor, Jorge E. University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Department of Marine Sciences jorge.corredor@upr.edu https://www.uprm.edu/cima/ HTTPS University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Department of Marine Sciences website Institution web page information author Cosca, Catherine E. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Cross, Jessica N. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Dandonneau, Yves IRD, IPSL/Laboratoire d'Océanographie Dynamique et de Climatologie author De Carlo, Eric H. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (UHM) edecarlo@soest.hawaii.edu https://manoa.hawaii.edu/ HTTPS University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (UHM) website Institution web page information author Dietrich, Colin NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Else, Brent University of Calgary https://www.ucalgary.ca/ HTTPS University of Calgary website Institution web page information author Emerson, Steven R. University of Washington (UW) author Farías, Laura University of Biobío author Fransson, Agneta Norwegian Polar Institute author Garreaud, René D. University of Chile, Marine Biological Station rgarreau@dgf.uchile.cl author Gkritzalis, Thanos Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) http://www.vliz.be HTTP Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) website Institution web page information author Glockzin, Michael Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) https://www.io-warnemuende.de/ HTTPS Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) website Institution web page information author González-Dávila, Melchor Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) https://www.ulpgc.es/ HTTPS Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) website Institution web page information author Gregor, Luke Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP) http://www.ibp.ethz.ch/ HTTP Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP) website Institution web page information author Hartman, Susan E. National Oceanography Centre (NOC) https://noc.ac.uk/ HTTPS National Oceanography Centre (NOC) website Institution web page information author Hermes, Rudolf Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations author Hoppema, Mario Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Howden, Stephan D. University of Southern Mississippi, Department of Marine Science https://www.usm.edu/marine HTTPS University of Southern Mississippi, Department of Marine Science website Institution web page information author Hunt, Christopher W. University of New Hampshire (UNH) author Hydes, David National Oceanography Centre (NOC) https://noc.ac.uk/ HTTPS National Oceanography Centre (NOC) website Institution web page information author Ibánhez, J. Severino P. IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement author Kitidis, Vassilis Plymouth Marine Laboratory vak@pml.ac.uk http://www.pml.ac.uk/ HTTP Plymouth Marine Laboratory website Institution web page information author Körtzinger, Arne GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Kozyr, Alex Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) https://cisess.umd.edu/ HTTPS Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) website Institution web page information author Kuwata, Akira Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency akuwata@affrc.go.jp https://tnfri.fra.affrc.go.jp/eindex.html HTTPS Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency website Institution web page information author Lampitt, Richard National Oceanography Centre (NOC) https://noc.ac.uk/ HTTPS National Oceanography Centre (NOC) website Institution web page information author Lefèvre, Nathalie Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Lo Monaco, Claire Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Maenner Jones, Stacy NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) stacy.maenner@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Manke, Ansley B. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Manzello, Derek P. Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author McGillis, Wade R. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information author Mickett, John Applied Physics Laboratory, College of the Environment, University of Washington author Monteiro, Pedro M. S. Oceans Systems and Climate, CSIR-CHPC author Morell, Julio M. University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Department of Marine Sciences julio.morell@upr.edu https://www.uprm.edu/cima/ HTTPS University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Department of Marine Sciences website Institution web page information author Morrison, J. Ruairidh University of New Hampshire (UNH) author Omar, Abdirahman M. Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Mucci, Alfonso McGill University author Munro, David R. University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) https://cires.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) website Institution web page information author Musielewicz, Sylvia University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) sylvia.musielewicz@noaa.gov https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information author Negri, Rubén M. Argentina National Institute for Fishery Research and Development (INIDEP) https://www.argentina.gob.ar/inidep HTTPS Argentina National Institute for Fishery Research and Development (INIDEP) website Institution web page information author Newberger, Tim University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Tim.Newberger@noaa.gov https://cires.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) website Institution web page information author Newton, Jan University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) http://www.apl.washington.edu/ HTTP University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) website Institution web page information author Noakes, Scott University of Georgia, Center for Applied Isotope Studies author O'Brien, Chris Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations author Ólafsdóttir, Sólveig Rósa Icelandic Marine Research Institute (MRI) https://www.hafogvatn.is/ HTTPS Icelandic Marine Research Institute (MRI) website Institution web page information author Ólafsson, Jón Icelandic Marine Research Institute (MRI) author Ono, Tsuneo National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS) https://nrifs.fra.affrc.go.jp/index_e.html HTTPS National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS) website Institution web page information author Osborne, John NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Ouyang, Zhangxian University of Delaware http://www.udel.edu/ HTTP University of Delaware website Institution web page information author Padín, Xose A. Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas de Vigo (IIM) padin@iim.csic.es https://www.iim.csic.es/ HTTPS Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas de Vigo (IIM) website Institution web page information author Papakyriakou, Tim University of Manitoba https://umanitoba.ca/ HTTPS University of Manitoba website Institution web page information author Plueddemann, Albert J. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) http://www.whoi.edu HTTP Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) website Institution web page information author Rehder, Gregor Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) https://www.io-warnemuende.de/ HTTPS Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) website Institution web page information author Sabine, Christopher L. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Sakurai, Keizo Japan Meteorological Agency, Climate and Maritime Meteorology Department seadata@met.kishou.go.jp author Salisbury, Joseph E. University of New Hampshire (UNH) author Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Science author Schlitzer, Reiner Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Schneider, Bernd Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) schneider@ice.mpg.de https://www.io-warnemuende.de/ HTTPS Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) website Institution web page information author Send, Uwe Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) https://scripps.ucsd.edu/ HTTPS Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) website Institution web page information author Skjelvan, Ingunn NORCE Norwegian Research Centre https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information author Steinhoff, Tobias GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Sulpis, Olivier McGill University https://www.cnrs.fr/ HTTPS McGill University website Institution web page information author Sutherland, Stewart C. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) suth@ldeo.columbia.edu http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information author Sweeney, Colm NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) website Institution web page information author Tadokoro, Kazuaki Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency https://tnfri.fra.affrc.go.jp/eindex.html HTTPS Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency website Institution web page information author Takahashi, Taro Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information author Telszewski, Maciej International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences author Thomas, Helmuth Dalhousie University https://www.dal.ca/ HTTPS Dalhousie University website Institution web page information author Tomlinson, Michael University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (UHM) https://manoa.hawaii.edu/ HTTPS University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (UHM) website Institution web page information author Trull, Tom Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) tom.trull@csiro.au author Valdimarsson, Héðinn Marine and Freshwater Research Institute (MFRI) https://www.hafogvatn.is/ HTTPS Marine and Freshwater Research Institute (MFRI) website Institution web page information author van Heuven, Steven M. A. C. University of Groningen (RUG) https://www.rug.nl/ HTTPS University of Groningen (RUG) website Institution web page information author Vandemark, Douglas University of New Hampshire (UNH) doug.vandemark@unh.edu author Wada, Chisato National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) wada.chisato@nies.go.jp author Wallace, Douglas W. R. Dalhousie University douglas.wallace@dal.ca https://www.dal.ca/ HTTPS Dalhousie University website Institution web page information author Watson, Andrew J. University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Weller, Robert A. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) http://www.whoi.edu HTTP Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) website Institution web page information author Xu, Suqing Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry (GCMAC) http://en.tio.org.cn/web/aboutUs/office.html?uuid=2 HTTP Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry (GCMAC) website Institution web page information author University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences contributor tableDigital This dataset consists of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) data product files. SOCAT is a synthesis activity by the international marine carbon research community and has more than 100 contributors worldwide. SOCAT provides access to synthesis and gridded, quality controlled, observational products of surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) for the global oceans and coastal seas. SOCAT version 6 has 23.4 million, in situ, surface ocean fCO2 measurements with an accuracy of better than 5 μatm and a WOCE flag of 2 (good) from 1957 to 2017. Calibrated sensor data with an accuracy of better than 10 μatm are also available. During quality control, marine scientists assign a flag to each data set, as well as WOCE flags of 2 (good), 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) to individual fCO2 values. Data sets are assigned flags of A and B for an accuracy of better than 2 μatm, flags of C and D for an accuracy of better than 5 μatm and a flag of E for an accuracy of better than 10 μatm. Bakker et al. (2016) describe the quality control criteria used in SOCAT versions 3 to 6. Quality control comments for individual data sets can be accessed via the SOCAT Data Set Viewer (www.socat.info). All data sets, where data quality has been deemed acceptable, have been made public. The main SOCAT synthesis files and the gridded products contain all data sets with flags of A to D and fCO2 values with a flag of 2. Access to data sets with a flag of E and fCO2 values with flags of 3 and 4 is via additional data products and the Data Set Viewer (Table 8 in Bakker et al., 2016). SOCAT publishes a global gridded product with a 1° longitude by 1° latitude resolution. A second product with a higher resolution of 0.25° longitude by 0.25° latitude is available for the coastal seas. Gridded products are available monthly, per year and per decade. Two powerful, interactive, online viewers, the Data Set Viewer and the Gridded Data Viewer (www.socat.info), enable investigation of the SOCAT synthesis and gridded data products. SOCAT data products can be downloaded. Matlab code is available for reading these files. Ocean Data View also provides access to the SOCAT data products (www.socat.info). SOCAT data products are discoverable, accessible and citable. SOCAT versions 3 to 6 should be cited as Bakker et al., 2016 (until a publication on versions 4, 5 and 6 is published). The SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement (www.socat.info) asks users to generously acknowledge the contribution of SOCAT scientists by invitation to co-authorship, especially for data providers in regional studies, and/or reference to relevant scientific articles. The SOCAT website (www.socat.info) provides a single access point for online viewers, downloadable data sets, the Fair Data Use Statement, a list of contributors and an overview of scientific publications on and using SOCAT. Automation of data upload and initial data checks allows annual releases of SOCAT from version 4 onward. SOCAT enables quantification of the ocean carbon sink and ocean acidification and evaluation of ocean biogeochemical models. More than 210 peer-reviewed scientific publications and high-impact reports cite SOCAT. SOCAT represents a milestone in research coordination, data access, biogeochemical and climate research and in informing policy. To provide the synthesis and gridded, quality controlled, observational products of surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) for the global oceans and coastal seas Funding Information: Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division of NOAA's Climate Program Office, EU, NSF, Japan Climate Research Programs (Surface Water pCO2 measurements from ships; High-Resolution Ocean and Atmosphere pCO2 Time-Series Measurements) completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded NCEI Accession 0173715 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0173715 Preview graphic PNG 0173715 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2018-06-11 publication BAROMETRIC PRESSURE Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide - atmosphere partial pressure of carbon dioxide - water SALINITY - SURFACE WATER SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer showerhead equilibrator instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS chemical meteorological physical surface measurements surface underway theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS MULTIPLE SHIPS OF GERMANY platform NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Ship of Opportunity Programme (SOOP) project NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS Arctic Ocean Indian Ocean North Atlantic Ocean North Pacific Ocean South Atlantic Ocean South Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS) Project project Ocean Acidification Search Keywords Coastal Carbon Project Moorings and Time Series project SOOP project Reference Section ID Coastal Carbon Project Moorings and Time Series Project Ship Of Opportunity Program (SOOP) project Research Projects EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY > CARBON AND HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS > ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE > PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE EARTH SCIENCE > CLIMATE INDICATORS > ATMOSPHERIC/OCEAN INDICATORS > SURFACE SALINITY EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > CARBON DIOXIDE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > SALINITY theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Data synthesis product Surface underway theme OCADS Study Type SOCAT SOCATv6 Data synthesis product SOCATv6 database SOCATv6 gridded data product theme Provider Keywords ATM_PPRE EQ_PRE EQ_TMP SSS SST fCO2 theme Provider Variable Abbreviations CO2 ANALYZERS > CO2 ANALYZERS EQUILIBRATORS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian OCEAN > ARCTIC OCEAN OCEAN > ATLANTIC OCEAN > NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN > ATLANTIC OCEAN > SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN > INDIAN OCEAN OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN OCEAN > SOUTHERN OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean place Provider Geographic Names accessLevel: Public otherRestrictions Cite as: Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Lauvset, Siv K.; Wanninkhof, Rik; Castaño-Primo, Rocío; Currie, Kim I.; Jones, Steve D.; Landa, Camilla S.; Metzl, Nicolas; Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro; Nojiri, Yukihiro; Nonaka, Isao; O'Brien, Kevin M.; Olsen, Are; Pfeil, Benjamin; Pierrot, Denis; Schuster, Ute; Smith, Karl; Sullivan, Kevin F.; Sutton, Adrienne J.; Tilbrook, Bronte; Alin, Simone R.; Becker, Meike; Benoit-Cattin, Alice; Bott, Randy; Bozec, Yann; Bozzano, Roberto; Burger, Eugene F.; Burgers, Tonya M.; Cai, Wei-Jun; Chen, Liqi; Chierici, Melissa; Corredor, Jorge E.; Cosca, Catherine E.; Cross, Jessica N.; Dandonneau, Yves; De Carlo, Eric H.; Dietrich, Colin; Else, Brent; Emerson, Steven R.; Farías, Laura; Fransson, Agneta; Garreaud, René D.; Gkritzalis, Thanos; Glockzin, Michael; González-Dávila, Melchor; Gregor, Luke; Hartman, Susan E.; Hermes, Rudolf; Hoppema, Mario; Howden, Stephan D.; Hunt, Christopher W.; Hydes, David; Ibánhez, J. Severino P.; Kitidis, Vassilis; Körtzinger, Arne; Kozyr, Alex; Kuwata, Akira; Lampitt, Richard; Lefèvre, Nathalie; Lo Monaco, Claire; Maenner Jones, Stacy; Manke, Ansley B.; Manzello, Derek P.; McGillis, Wade R.; Mickett, John; Monteiro, Pedro M. S.; Morell, Julio M.; Morrison, J. Ruairidh; Omar, Abdirahman M.; Mucci, Alfonso; Munro, David R.; Musielewicz, Sylvia; Negri, Rubén M.; Newberger, Tim; Newton, Jan; Noakes, Scott; O'Brien, Chris; Ólafsdóttir, Sólveig Rósa; Ólafsson, Jón; Ono, Tsuneo; Osborne, John; Ouyang, Zhangxian; Padín, Xose A.; Papakyriakou, Tim; Plueddemann, Albert J.; Rehder, Gregor; Sabine, Christopher L.; Sakurai, Keizo; Salisbury, Joseph E.; Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena; Schlitzer, Reiner; Schneider, Bernd; Send, Uwe; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Steinhoff, Tobias; Sulpis, Olivier; Sutherland, Stewart C.; Sweeney, Colm; Tadokoro, Kazuaki; Takahashi, Taro; Telszewski, Maciej; Thomas, Helmuth; Tomlinson, Michael; Trull, Tom; Valdimarsson, Héðinn; van Heuven, Steven M. A. C.; Vandemark, Douglas; Wada, Chisato; Wallace, Douglas W. R.; Watson, Andrew J.; Weller, Robert A.; Xu, Suqing (2018). Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database Version 6 (SOCATv6) (NCEI Accession 0173715). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7289/v51z42r8. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. license This dataset is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. SPDX License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) SOCAT publication https://www.socat.info/ HTTPS https://www.socat.info/ Related resource information documentDigital crossReference project NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022). Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system 2022-04 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system OCADS website information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital [accessed 2024-02-08] crossReference program SOCATv2025 ODV collection publication https://odv.awi.de/data/ocean/socat-fco2-data/ HTTPS https://odv.awi.de/data/ocean/socat-fco2-data/ Related resource information documentDigital crossReference project SOCATv2025 ODV collection online via webODV publication https://explore.webodv.awi.de/ocean/carbon/socat/ HTTPS https://explore.webodv.awi.de/ocean/carbon/socat/ Related resource information documentDigital crossReference project Ships Of Opportunity Program (SOOP) Data 2022 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/VOS_Program/ HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/VOS_Program/ Related resource information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital crossReference project GlobaL CO2 Time-Series and Moorings Project 2022 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/time_series_moorings.html HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/time_series_moorings.html Related resource information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital crossReference project Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Data 2022 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/ASV/ HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/ASV/ Related resource information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital crossReference project eng; USA utf8 environment oceans climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere -180 180 -90 90 1957-01-01 2017-12-31 In this accession, NCEI has archived multiple versions of these data. The latest (and best) version of these data has the largest version number. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. Originator data format 12281.044 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0173715.html HTTPS Web browser Project Metadata Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://doi.org/10.7289/v51z42r8 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/173715 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/173715 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0121/0173715/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0173715 v1.1 was published. 2018-06-13T23:39:27Z NCEI Accession 0173715 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0173715/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0173715 v1.1 published 2018-06-13T23:39:27Z download NCEI Accession 0173715 was revised and v2.2 was published. Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2018-07-27T18:40:01Z NCEI Accession 0173715 v2.2 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0173715/2.2 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0173715 v2.2 published 2018-07-27T18:40:01Z download NCEI Accession 0173715 was revised and v2.3 was published. Additional metadata files were received or created for this dataset. These updates were copied into the about/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2025-06-24T15:27:43Z NCEI Accession 0173715 v2.3 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0173715/2.3 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0173715 v2.3 published 2025-06-24T15:27:43Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: pCO2 (fCO2) autonomous; Abbreviation: fCO2; Unit: uatm; Observation type: Surface underway; Measured or calculated: fCO2 recomputed from the raw data; Equilibrator type:; Equilibrator volume:; How was pressure inside the equilibrator measured:; SEA CO2 gas detector resolution: Accuracy: better than 5 uatm; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value; Researcher name: SOCAT Team Parameter or Variable: Sea Surface Salinity; Abbreviation: SSS; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT team Parameter or Variable: Sea Surface Temperature; Abbreviation: SST; Unit: Deg. C; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT Team Parameter or Variable: Atmospheric Pressure; Abbreviation: ATM_PPRE; Unit: DBAR; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT Team Parameter or Variable: Pressure at Equilibrator; Abbreviation: EQ_PRE; Unit: DBAR; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT Team Parameter or Variable: Water Temperature at Equilibrator; Abbreviation: EQ_TMP; Unit: Deg. C; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT Team asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer measures gaseous carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide gas analyzer has often been referred to as LI-COR, because a lot of researchers choose to use products manufactured by LI-COR incorporation for their carbon dioxide measurement. The main component of a carbon dioxide analyzer is a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopic sensors to detect CO2 in a gaseous environment by its characteristic absorption. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator (insttypes_id 184) to measure carbon dioxide in the water. To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water. showerhead equilibrator showerhead equilibrator extracts dissolved CO2 from water A carbon dioxide equilibrator is usually in the shape of a vertical tube, with a showerhead on the top, some headspace, a lot of beads to increase the surface exchange area between water and air, a water seal device at the bottom to allow water to overflow, but prevents air exchange between inside and outside. Carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer (insttypes_id 183) to measure carbon dioxide in the water. To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water. 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