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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/4eab7956-e59e-4615-8d5c-39a16faa1f27" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; ALKALINITY</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/38219b66-2acd-4f77-a0fc-8241172c9001" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; DISSOLVED GASES</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/d9b4f30d-bddd-4888-b66b-07d2dc09708b" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; INORGANIC CARBON</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/4fde380a-38c5-4d46-bc80-4f2515a43983" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; NITRATE</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/941410da-0b7f-4ec6-a718-212194ced13f" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; NITRITE</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/db5357c9-cc9d-4693-86fe-6bb88555d434" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; NITROGEN</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/d3055f47-258e-4556-a885-54cd1fff4680" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; ORGANIC CARBON</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/90aa8838-79bd-4b28-b518-8217e863c385" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; OXYGEN</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/4433600b-f323-458a-b295-352f939aab6b" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; PH</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/0b513d8c-bfd3-44ee-976e-42757b8375a2" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; PHOSPHATE</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
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          <gmd:keyword>
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          <gmd:keyword>
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            <gco:CharacterString>OXYGEN</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords</gco:CharacterString>
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Abbreviation: TCARBN;
Unit: UMOL/KG;
Observation type: discrete;
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation;
Measured or calculated: measured;
Replicate information: The precision is displayed by the greater than 450 replicate samples drawn. The absolute average difference from the mean of these replicates are less than 0.85 μmol/kg. No significant systematic differences were noted.;
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Unit: UMOL/KG;
Observation type: discrete;
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Measured or calculated: Measured;
Type of titration: potentiometric;
Cell type (open or closed): Open;
Curve fitting method: Non-linear least squares. The total alkalinity analyses performed during I6S, were performed using a two-stage, potentiometric, opencell titration and coulometrically analyzed hydrochloric acid.;
Uncertainty: Precision ~ 1.5 μmol/kg, Accuracy ~ 2.0 μmol/kg;
Method reference: Dickson, Andrew G., Chris Sabine and James R. Christian, editors, Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 Measurements, Pices Special Publication 3, IOCCP Report No. 8, October 2007, SOP 3b, Determination of total alkalinity in sea water using an open-cell titration.</gco:CharacterString>
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pH scale: Total scale;
Observation type: discrete;
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation;
Measured or calculated: Measured;
Temperature of pH measurement: 20;
Detailed sampling and analyzing information: pH values are determined at a reference temperature of 20 C using the constants of Liu et al. (2011). These values are further adjusted to counter errors created by using constants determined for purified m-cresol dye for measurements made with unpurified (Acros Organics) dye. The applied adjustment is a pH dependent offset estimated by fitting a 2nd order polynomial to the data in figure 2a in the article by Liu et al. (2011). The likely uncertainties on these measurements are explored in detail in Carter et al. (conditionally accepted, 2012).;
Uncertainty: Accuracy of spectrophotometric pH measurements is difficult to constrain with no agreed upon calibration procedure. For this cruise two approaches were made. First, since the same bottles that were sampled for alkalinity and total carbon were sampled for pH, an independent estimate of pH can be obtained from equilibrium equations. Second, pH analyses of Certified Reference Materials (currently only certified for DIC and alkalinity) were performed. A review of the accuracy of the pH measurements is underway, and large changes (~0.01) in the final reported values are likely. Confidence in the precision of the measurements remains high, and likely changes would be a simple offset or an offset that is a simple function of reported pH.</gco:CharacterString>
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Abbreviation: CTDTMP;
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Abbreviation: SALNTY;
Controlled vocabulary name: SALINITY;
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Abbreviation: CTDOXY;
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Controlled vocabulary name: DISSOLVED OXYGEN;
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Abbreviation: OXYGEN;
Unit: UMOL/KG;
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Abbreviation: SILCAT;
Unit: UMOL/KG;
Controlled vocabulary name: silicate;
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              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: NITRAT;
Abbreviation: NITRAT;
Unit: UMOL/KG;
Controlled vocabulary name: NITRATE;
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: NITRIT;
Abbreviation: NITRIT;
Unit: UMOL/KG;
Controlled vocabulary name: NITRITE;
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: PHSPHT;
Abbreviation: PHSPHT;
Unit: UMOL/KG;
Controlled vocabulary name: phosphate;
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: CFC-11;
Abbreviation: CFC-11;
Unit: PMOL/KG;
Controlled vocabulary name: CHLOROFLUOROCARBON-11 (CFC-11);
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: CFC-12;
Abbreviation: CFC-12;
Unit: PMOL/KG;
Controlled vocabulary name: CHLOROFLUOROCARBON-12 (CFC-12);
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: SF6;
Abbreviation: SF6;
Unit: FMOL/KG;
Controlled vocabulary name: Sulfur Hexaflouride (SF6);
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: PH_TMP;
Abbreviation: PH_TMP;
Unit: DEG_C;
Controlled vocabulary name: pH;
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: DOC;
Abbreviation: DOC;
Unit: UMOL/KG;
Controlled vocabulary name: DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON;
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: TDN;
Abbreviation: TDN;
Unit: UMOL/KG;
Controlled vocabulary name: Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN);
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: TRITUM;
Abbreviation: TRITUM;
Unit: TU;
Controlled vocabulary name: Tritium (Hydrogen isotope);
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: TRITER;
Abbreviation: TRITER;
Unit: TU;
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
        </gmd:LI_Lineage>
      </gmd:lineage>
    </gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
  </gmd:dataQualityInfo>
  <gmd:dataQualityInfo>
    <gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
      <gmd:scope>
        <gmd:DQ_Scope>
          <gmd:level>
            <gmd:MD_ScopeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_ScopeCode" codeListValue="repository">repository</gmd:MD_ScopeCode>
          </gmd:level>
          <gmd:levelDescription>
            <gmd:MD_ScopeDescription>
              <gmd:other>
                <gco:CharacterString>NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:other>
            </gmd:MD_ScopeDescription>
          </gmd:levelDescription>
        </gmd:DQ_Scope>
      </gmd:scope>
      <gmd:lineage>
        <gmd:LI_Lineage>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:dateTime>
                <gco:DateTime>2015-04-22T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
              </gmd:dateTime>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
        </gmd:LI_Lineage>
      </gmd:lineage>
    </gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
  </gmd:dataQualityInfo>
  <gmd:metadataMaintenance>
    <gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
      <gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
        <gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode" codeListValue="asNeeded">asNeeded</gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode>
      </gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
      <gmd:maintenanceNote>
        <gco:CharacterString>Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness.</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:maintenanceNote>
      <gmd:contact>
        <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
          <gmd:organisationName>
            <gco:CharacterString>NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:organisationName>
          <gmd:role>
            <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="custodian">custodian</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
          </gmd:role>
        </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
      </gmd:contact>
    </gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
  </gmd:metadataMaintenance>
  <gmi:acquisitionInformation>
    <gmi:MI_AcquisitionInformation id="AMS">
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument id="inst_beec">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>bottle</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>bottle</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>any type of water bottle sampling device

Generic name for water collection device; usually used to determine temperature, salinity and provide water aliquots for measurement of a wide range of parameters; often referred to by a specific type of water sampling bottle, such as a Nansen or Niskin bottle.</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument id="inst_be29">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>coulometer for DIC measurement</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>coulometer for DIC measurement</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>measures dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)

A known amount of seawater is dispensed into a stripping chamber where it is acidified and purged with an inert gas. The amount of CO2 in the resulting gas stream is determined by absorbing the CO2 in an absorbent. The pH of the solution is monitored by measuring the transmittance .</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument id="inst_bee7">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>CTD</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>CTD</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>Conductivity-Temperature-Depth probe</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument id="inst_be73">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>spectrophotometer</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>spectrophotometer</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>spectrophotometer, optical spectrometer, spectrograph or spectroscope

An optical spectrometer (spectrophotometer, spectrograph or spectroscope) is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials.

Butler, L. R. P.; Laqua, K. (1995). "Nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis-IX. Instrumentation for the spectral dispersion and isolation of optical radiation (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)". Pure Appl. Chem. IUPAC. 67 (10): 1725–1744. doi:10.1351/pac199567101725. A spectrometer is the general term for describing a combination of spectral apparatus with one or more detectors to measure the intensity of one or more spectral bands."</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument id="inst_be28">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>titrator</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>titrator</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>titrator</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:platform>
        <gmi:MI_Platform id="plat_a534">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>R/V Roger Revelle</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>Flag: United States
Type: Research Vessel
IMO: 9075228
Company: Scripps Institution of Oceanography
DOB: 1996-06

https://scripps.ucsd.edu/ships/revelle</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
          <gmi:instrument gco:nilReason="missing" />
        </gmi:MI_Platform>
      </gmi:platform>
    </gmi:MI_AcquisitionInformation>
  </gmi:acquisitionInformation>
</gmi:MI_Metadata>