gov.noaa.nodc:0163180 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-08-22T06:38:33Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database Version 5 (SOCATv5) (NCEI Accession 0163180) 2017-06-08 publication 2025-06-25 revision 2017-06-05 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/8cea-c727 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0163180 NCEI Archive Management System 0163180 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Dorothee C. E. Bakker University of East Anglia (UEA) D.Bakker@uea.ac.uk https://www.uea.ac.uk/ HTTPS University of East Anglia (UEA) website Institution web page information resourceProvider NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Dorothee Bakker University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences D.Bakker@uea.ac.uk principalInvestigator Kevin O'Brien University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) kevin.m.o'brien@noaa.gov https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Benjamin Pfeil University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) Benjamin.Pfeil@gfi.uib.no http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Kim Currie National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) kim.currie@niwa.co.nz http://www.niwa.cri.nz HTTP National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Alex Kozyr Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) Alex.Kozyr@noaa.gov https://cisess.umd.edu/ HTTPS Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Camilla S. Landa University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) Camilla.Landa@uib.no http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Siv K. Lauvset University of Bergen sivk@norceresearch.no principalInvestigator nicolas metzl Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) nicolas.metzl@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) nakaoka.shinichiro@nies.go.jp principalInvestigator Yukihiro Nojiri National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) nojiri@nies.go.jp principalInvestigator Isao Nonaka National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) principalInvestigator Are Olsen Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Are.Olsen@gfi.uib.no https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information principalInvestigator abdirahman omar Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research abdirahman.omar@bjerknes.uib.no https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Denis Pierrot Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) denis.pierrot@noaa.gov https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Shu Saito Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) seadata@climar.kishou.go.jp principalInvestigator Karl Smith NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) karl.smith@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Adrienne Sutton NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Adrienne.Sutton@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Kevin F. Sullivan Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) Kevin.Sullivan@noaa.gov https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Bronte Tilbrook Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Bronte.Tilbrook@csiro.au principalInvestigator Rik Wanninkhof NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Yann Bozec French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) yann.bozec@sb-roscoff.fr https://www.cnrs.fr/ HTTPS French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) website Institution web page information collaborator Wiley Evans Hakai Institute wiley.evans@hakai.org https://hakai.org/ HTTPS Hakai Institute website Institution web page information collaborator Wei-Jun Cai University of Delaware wcai@udel.edu http://www.udel.edu/ HTTP University of Delaware website Institution web page information collaborator Vassilis Kitidis Plymouth Marine Laboratory vak@pml.ac.uk http://www.pml.ac.uk/ HTTP Plymouth Marine Laboratory website Institution web page information collaborator Ute Schuster University of Exeter U.Schuster@exeter.ac.uk http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information collaborator Tsuneo Ono National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS) ono_tsuneo65@fra.go.jp https://nrifs.fra.affrc.go.jp/index_e.html HTTPS National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS) website Institution web page information collaborator Truls Johannessen Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research truls.johannessen@gfi.uib.no https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information collaborator Tobias Steinhoff GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) tsteinhoff@geomar.de http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information collaborator TIMOTHY NEWBERGER University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Tim.Newberger@noaa.gov https://cires.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) website Institution web page information collaborator Taro Takahashi Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information collaborator Sumiko Harasawa Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) http://www.jamstec.go.jp HTTP Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) website Institution web page information collaborator Stewart C. Sutherland Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) suth@ldeo.columbia.edu http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information collaborator Steven van Heuven University of Groningen (RUG) https://www.rug.nl/ HTTPS University of Groningen (RUG) website Institution web page information collaborator Steve Hankin NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Steve D. Jones University of Exeter steve.jones@vliz.be http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information collaborator Simone R. Alin NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) simone.r.alin@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Robert D. 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Monteiro Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) collaborator Nick Hardman-Mountford Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) nick.hardman-mountford@csiro.au collaborator Nicholas Bates Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) Nick.Bates@bios.edu http://www.bios.edu HTTP Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) website Institution web page information collaborator Nathalie Lefevre Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) nathalie.lefevre@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information collaborator Naomi Greenwood Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) naomi.greenwood@cefas.co.uk https://www.cefas.co.uk/ HTTPS Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) website Institution web page information collaborator Melissa Chierici Institute of Marine Research - Norway (IMR) http://www.imr.no/english/ HTTP Institute of Marine Research - Norway (IMR) website Institution web page information collaborator Matthew P. Humphreys National Oceanography Centre (NOC) https://noc.ac.uk/ HTTPS National Oceanography Centre (NOC) website Institution web page information collaborator Mario Hoppema Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) Mario.Hoppema@awi.de collaborator Maciej Telszewski International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project collaborator Luke Gregor Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP) luke.gregor@usys.ethz.ch http://www.ibp.ethz.ch/ HTTP Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP) website Institution web page information collaborator Lisa L. Robbins United States Geological Survey (USGS) https://www.usgs.gov/ HTTPS United States Geological Survey (USGS) website Institution web page information collaborator Liqi Chen State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography chenliqi@jmu.edu.cn http://www.tio.org.cn/ HTTP State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography website Institution web page information collaborator Liliane Merlivat Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information collaborator Leticia Barbero Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) Leticia.Barbero@noaa.gov https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information collaborator Kristina Paterson Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) collaborator Kazuaki Tadokoro Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory collaborator Judith Hauck Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information collaborator Joseph Salisbury University of New Hampshire (UNH) Joe.Salisbury@unh.edu collaborator Jeremy Mathis NOAA Climate Program Office (CPO) https://cpo.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Climate Program Office (CPO) website Institution web page information collaborator Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) jacqueline.boutin@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information collaborator Ingunn Skjelvan NORCE Norwegian Research Centre insk@norceresearch.no https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information collaborator Frank J. Millero University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) http://www.rsmas.miami.edu HTTP University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) website Institution web page information collaborator Evangelia Krasakopoulou University of the Aegean collaborator Eugene F. Burger NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) eugene.burger@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Doug Vandemark University of New Hampshire (UNH) doug.vandemark@unh.edu collaborator DAVID MUNRO University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) david.munro@colorado.edu https://cires.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) website Institution web page information collaborator David J. Pearce Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) david.pearce@cefas.co.uk https://www.cefas.co.uk/ HTTPS Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) website Institution web page information collaborator Colm Sweeney NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) Colm.Sweeney@noaa.gov https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) website Institution web page information collaborator Claire Lo Monaco Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) Claire.LoMonaco@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information collaborator Christopher Hunt University of New Hampshire (UNH) chunt@unh.edu collaborator Chisato Wada National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) wada.chisato@nies.go.jp collaborator Charles Featherstone NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) Charles.Featherstone@noaa.gov https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information collaborator Catherine Goyet University of Perpignan Via Domita (UPVD) http://www.univ-perp.fr/ HTTP University of Perpignan Via Domita (UPVD) website Institution web page information collaborator Catherine Cosca NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Cathy.Cosca@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Betty E. Huss NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information collaborator Bernd Schneider Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) schneider@ice.mpg.de https://www.io-warnemuende.de/ HTTPS Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) website Institution web page information collaborator Arne Körtzinger GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) akoertzinger@geomar.de http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information collaborator Ansley B. Manke NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Andrew Watson University of Exeter andrew.watson@exeter.ac.uk http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information collaborator Akira Kuwata Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency akuwata@affrc.go.jp https://tnfri.fra.affrc.go.jp/eindex.html HTTPS Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency website Institution web page information collaborator Akihiko Murata Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC) https://www.jamstec.go.jp/rigc/ HTTPS Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC) website Institution web page information collaborator Agneta Fransson Norwegian Polar Institute agneta@npolar.no collaborator Bakker, Dorothee C. E. University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences author Pfeil, Benjamin University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information author Landa, Camilla S. University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information author Metzl, Nicolas Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author O'Brien, Kevin M. University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies, under grant from NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information author Olsen, Are Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Smith, Karl NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Cosca, Catherine E. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Harasawa, Sumiko Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology http://www.jamstec.go.jp HTTP Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) website Institution web page information author Jones, Steve D. University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro National Institute for Environmental Studies author Nojiri, Yukihiro National Institute for Environmental Studies author Schuster, Ute University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Steinhoff, Tobias GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Sweeney, Colm NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) website Institution web page information author Takahashi, Taro Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information author Tilbrook, Bronte Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization author Wada, Chisato National Institute for Environmental Studies wada.chisato@nies.go.jp author Wanninkhof, Rik NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Alin, Simone R. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Balestrini, Carlos F. author Barbero, Leticia Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Bates, Nicholas Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences http://www.bios.edu HTTP Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) website Institution web page information author Bianchi, Alejandro A. author Bonou, Frédéric author Boutin, Jacqueline Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Bozec, Yann French National Center for Scientific Research yann.bozec@sb-roscoff.fr https://www.cnrs.fr/ HTTPS French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) website Institution web page information author Burger, Eugene F. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Cai, Wei-Jun University of Delaware http://www.udel.edu/ HTTP University of Delaware website Institution web page information author Castle, Robert D. NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Chen, Liqi State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography http://www.tio.org.cn/ HTTP State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography website Institution web page information author Chierici, Melissa Institute of Marine Research - Norway http://www.imr.no/english/ HTTP Institute of Marine Research - Norway (IMR) website Institution web page information author Currie, Kim I. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited http://www.niwa.cri.nz HTTP National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) website Institution web page information author Evans, Wiley Hakai Institute https://hakai.org/ HTTPS Hakai Institute website Institution web page information author Featherstone, Charles NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Feely, Richard A. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Fransson, Agneta Norwegian Polar Institute author Goyet, Catherine University of Perpignan Via Domita http://www.univ-perp.fr/ HTTP University of Perpignan Via Domita (UPVD) website Institution web page information author Greenwood, Naomi Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science https://www.cefas.co.uk/ HTTPS Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) website Institution web page information author Gregor, Luke Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics http://www.ibp.ethz.ch/ HTTP Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP) website Institution web page information author Hankin, Steve NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Hardman-Mountford, Nick Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization author Harlay, Jérôme author Hauck, Judith Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Hoppema, Mario Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) author Humphreys, Matthew P. National Oceanography Centre https://noc.ac.uk/ HTTPS National Oceanography Centre (NOC) website Institution web page information author Hunt, Christopher W. University of New Hampshire author Huss, Betty E. NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Ibánhez, J. Severino P. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas author Johannessen, Truls Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Keeling, Ralph F. Scripps Institution of Oceanography https://scripps.ucsd.edu/ HTTPS Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) website Institution web page information author Kitidis, Vassilis Plymouth Marine Laboratory http://www.pml.ac.uk/ HTTP Plymouth Marine Laboratory website Institution web page information author Körtzinger, Arne GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Kozyr, Alex Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies https://cisess.umd.edu/ HTTPS Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) website Institution web page information author Krasakopoulou, Evangelia University of the Aegean author Kuwata, Akira Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency akuwata@affrc.go.jp https://tnfri.fra.affrc.go.jp/eindex.html HTTPS Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency website Institution web page information author Landschützer, Peter Max Planck Institute for Meteorology - Hamburg author Lauvset, Siv K. University of Bergen author Lefèvre, Nathalie Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Lo Monaco, Claire Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Manke, Ansley B. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Mathis, Jeremy T. NOAA Climate Program Office https://cpo.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Climate Program Office (CPO) website Institution web page information author Merlivat, Liliane Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Millero, Frank J. University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science http://www.rsmas.miami.edu HTTP University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) website Institution web page information author Monteiro, Pedro M. S. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research author Munro, David R. University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences https://cires.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) website Institution web page information author Murata, Akihiko Research Institute for Global Change https://www.jamstec.go.jp/rigc/ HTTPS Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC) website Institution web page information author Newberger, Tim University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences https://cires.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) website Institution web page information author Omar, Abdirahman M. Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Ono, Tsuneo National Research Institute of Fisheries Science https://nrifs.fra.affrc.go.jp/index_e.html HTTPS National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS) website Institution web page information author Paterson, Kristina Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization author Pearce, David J. Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science david.pearce@cefas.co.uk https://www.cefas.co.uk/ HTTPS Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) website Institution web page information author Pierrot, Denis Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Robbins, Lisa L. United States Geological Survey https://www.usgs.gov/ HTTPS United States Geological Survey (USGS) website Institution web page information author Saito, Shu Japan Meteorological Agency author Salisbury, Joseph E. University of New Hampshire author Schlitzer, Reiner Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research author Schneider, Bernd Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde schneider@ice.mpg.de https://www.io-warnemuende.de/ HTTPS Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) website Institution web page information author Schweitzer, Roland author Sieger, Rainer Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Skjelvan, Ingunn NORCE Norwegian Research Centre https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information author Sullivan, Kevin F. Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies Kevin.Sullivan@noaa.gov https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Sutherland, Stewart C. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory suth@ldeo.columbia.edu http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information author Sutton, Adrienne J. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Tadokoro, Kazuaki Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory author Telszewski, Maciej International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project author Tuma, Matthias author van Heuven, Steven M. A. C. University of Groningen https://www.rug.nl/ HTTPS University of Groningen (RUG) website Institution web page information author Vandemark, Douglas University of New Hampshire author Ward, Brian author Watson, Andrew J. University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Xu, Suqing author NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information contributor tableDigital The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a synthesis activity by the international marine carbon research community and has more than 100 contributors worldwide. SOCAT provides access to synthesis and gridded, quality controlled, observational products of surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) for the global oceans and coastal seas. SOCAT version 5 has 21.5 million, in situ, surface ocean fCO2 measurements with an accuracy of better than 5 μatm and a WOCE flag of 2 (good) from 1957 to 2016. Calibrated sensor data with an accuracy of better than 10 μatm are also available. During quality control, marine scientists assign a flag to each dataset, as well as WOCE flags of 2 (good), 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) to individual fCO2 values. Datasets are assigned flags of A and B for an accuracy of better than 2 μatm, flags of C and D for an accuracy of better than 5 μatm and a flag of E for an accuracy of better than 10 μatm. Bakker et al. (2016) describe the quality control criteria used in SOCAT versions 3 to 5. Quality control comments for individual datasets can be accessed via the SOCAT Data Set Viewer (www.socat.info). All datasets, where data quality has been deemed acceptable, have been made public. The main SOCAT synthesis files and the gridded products contain all datasets with flags of A to D and fCO2 values with a flag of 2. Access to datasets with a flag of E and fCO2 values with flags of 3 and 4 is via additional data products and the Data Set Viewer (Table 8 in Bakker et al., 2016). SOCAT publishes a global gridded product with a 1° longitude by 1° latitude resolution. A second product with a higher resolution of 0.25° longitude by 0.25° latitude is available for the coastal seas. Gridded products are available monthly, per year and per decade. Two powerful, interactive, online viewers, the Data Set Viewer and the Gridded Data Viewer, enable investigation of the SOCAT synthesis and gridded data products. SOCAT data products can be downloaded. MatLab code is available for reading these files. Ocean Data View also provides access to the SOCAT data products. SOCAT data products are discoverable, accessible and citable. SOCAT versions 3 to 5 should be cited as Bakker et al., 2016 (until a publication on versions 4 and 5 is published). The SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement asks users to generously acknowledge the contribution of SOCAT scientists by invitation to co-authorship, especially for data providers in regional studies, and/or reference to relevant scientific articles. The SOCAT website (www.socat.info) provides a single access point for online viewers, downloadable datasets, the Fair Data Use Statement, a list of contributors and an overview of scientific publications on and using SOCAT. Automation of data upload and initial data checks allows annual releases of SOCAT from version 4 onward. SOCAT enables quantification of the ocean carbon sink and ocean acidification and evaluation of ocean biogeochemical models. More than 180 peer-reviewed scientific publications and high-impact reports cite SOCAT. SOCAT represents a milestone in research coordination, data access, biogeochemical and climate research and in informing policy. To provide the synthesis and gridded, quality controlled, observational products of surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) for the global oceans and coastal seas Funding Information: EU, NOAA, NSF, Japan Climate Research Programs completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded NCEI Accession 0163180 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0163180 Preview graphic PNG 0163180 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2017-06-05 publication BAROMETRIC PRESSURE Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide - atmosphere SALINITY - SURFACE WATER SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer showerhead equilibrator instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS chemical meteorological physical surface underway theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS VARIOUS CHARTERED VESSELS platform NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) project NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS Indian Ocean North Atlantic Ocean North Pacific Ocean South Atlantic Ocean South Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication DOC/NOAA/OAR/PMEL > Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, OAR, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS) Project project Ocean Acidification Search Keywords Coastal Carbon Project Moorings and Time Series project SOOP project Reference Section ID Coastal Carbon Project Moorings and Time Series Project Ship Of Opportunity Program (SOOP) project Research Projects EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY > CARBON AND HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS > ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE > PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE EARTH SCIENCE > CLIMATE INDICATORS > ATMOSPHERIC/OCEAN INDICATORS > SURFACE SALINITY EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > SALINITY theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Data synthesis product Surface underway theme OCADS Study Type SOCAT SOCATv5 Data synthesis product SOCATv5 database SOCATv5 gridded data product theme Provider Keywords ATM_PPRE EQ_PRE EQ_TMP SSS SST fCO2 theme Provider Variable Abbreviations CO2 ANALYZERS > CO2 ANALYZERS EQUILIBRATORS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian OCEAN > ATLANTIC OCEAN > NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN > ATLANTIC OCEAN > SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN > INDIAN OCEAN OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN OCEAN > SOUTHERN OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean place Provider Geographic Names accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Pfeil, Benjamin; Landa, Camilla S.; Metzl, Nicolas; O'Brien, Kevin M.; Olsen, Are; Smith, Karl; Cosca, Catherine E.; Harasawa, Sumiko; Jones, Steve D.; Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro; Nojiri, Yukihiro; Schuster, Ute; Steinhoff, Tobias; Sweeney, Colm; Takahashi, Taro; Tilbrook, Bronte; Wada, Chisato; Wanninkhof, Rik; Alin, Simone R.; Balestrini, Carlos F.; Barbero, Leticia; Bates, Nicholas; Bianchi, Alejandro A.; Bonou, Frédéric; Boutin, Jacqueline; Bozec, Yann; Burger, Eugene F.; Cai, Wei-Jun; Castle, Robert D.; Chen, Liqi; Chierici, Melissa; Currie, Kim I.; Evans, Wiley; Featherstone, Charles; Feely, Richard A.; Fransson, Agneta; Goyet, Catherine; Greenwood, Naomi; Gregor, Luke; Hankin, Steve; Hardman-Mountford, Nick; Harlay, Jérôme; Hauck, Judith; Hoppema, Mario; Humphreys, Matthew P.; Hunt, Christopher W.; Huss, Betty E.; Ibánhez, J. Severino P.; Johannessen, Truls; Keeling, Ralph F.; Kitidis, Vassilis; Körtzinger, Arne; Kozyr, Alex; Krasakopoulou, Evangelia; Kuwata, Akira; Landschützer, Peter; Lauvset, Siv K.; Lefèvre, Nathalie; Lo Monaco, Claire; Manke, Ansley B.; Mathis, Jeremy T.; Merlivat, Liliane; Millero, Frank J.; Monteiro, Pedro M. S.; Munro, David R.; Murata, Akihiko; Newberger, Tim; Omar, Abdirahman M.; Ono, Tsuneo; Paterson, Kristina; Pearce, David J.; Pierrot, Denis; Robbins, Lisa L.; Saito, Shu; Salisbury, Joseph E.; Schlitzer, Reiner; Schneider, Bernd; Schweitzer, Roland; Sieger, Rainer; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Sullivan, Kevin F.; Sutherland, Stewart C.; Sutton, Adrienne J.; Tadokoro, Kazuaki; Telszewski, Maciej; Tuma, Matthias; van Heuven, Steven M. A. C.; Vandemark, Douglas; Ward, Brian; Watson, Andrew J.; Xu, Suqing (2017). Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database Version 5 (SOCATv5) (NCEI Accession 0163180). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/8cea-c727. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. license This dataset is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. SPDX License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) SOCAT publication https://www.socat.info/ HTTPS https://www.socat.info/ Related resource information documentDigital crossReference project NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022). Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system 2022-04 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system OCADS website information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital [accessed 2024-02-08] crossReference program SOCATv2025 ODV collection publication https://odv.awi.de/data/ocean/socat-fco2-data/ HTTPS https://odv.awi.de/data/ocean/socat-fco2-data/ Related resource information documentDigital crossReference project SOCATv2025 ODV collection online via webODV publication https://explore.webodv.awi.de/ocean/carbon/socat/ HTTPS https://explore.webodv.awi.de/ocean/carbon/socat/ Related resource information documentDigital crossReference project Ships Of Opportunity Program (SOOP) Data 2022 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/VOS_Program/ HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/VOS_Program/ Related resource information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital crossReference project GlobaL CO2 Time-Series and Moorings Project 2022 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/time_series_moorings.html HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/time_series_moorings.html Related resource information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital crossReference project Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Data 2022 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/ASV/ HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/ASV/ Related resource information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital crossReference project Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Pfeil, Benjamin; Smith, Karl; Harasawa, Sumiko; Landa, Camilla S.; Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro; Nojiri, Yukihiro; Metzl, Nicolas; O'Brien, Kevin M.; Olsen, Are; Schuster, Ute; Tilbrook, Bronte; Wanninkhof, Rik; Alin, Simone R.; Barbero, Leticia; Bates, Nicholas; Bianchi, Alejandro A.; Bonou, Frédéric; Boutin, Jacqueline; Bozec, Yann; Burger, Eugene F.; Castle, Robert D.; Chen, Liqi; Chierici, Melissa; Cosca, Catherine E.; Currie, Kim I.; Evans, Wiley; Featherstone, Charles; Feely, Richard A.; Fransson, Agneta; Greenwood, Naomi; Gregor, Luke; Hankin, Steve; Hardman-Mountford, Nick; Harlay, Jérôme; Hauck, Judith; Hoppema, Mario; Humphreys, Matthew P.; Hunt, Christopher W.; Johannessen, Truls; Jones, Steve D.; Keeling, Ralph F.; Kitidis, Vassilis; Kozyr, Alex; Krasakopoulou, Evangelia; Kuwata, Akira; Lauvset, Siv K.; Lo Monaco, Claire; Manke, Ansley B.; Mathis, Jeremy T.; Merlivat, Liliane; Monteiro, Pedro M. S.; Munro, David R.; Murata, Akihiko; Newberger, Tim; Omar, Abdirahman M.; Ono, Tsuneo; Paterson, Kristina; Pierrot, Denis; Robbins, Lisa L.; Sabine, Christopher L.; Saito, Shu; Salisbury, Joseph E.; Schneider, Bernd; Schlitzer, Reiner; Sieger, Rainer; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Steinhoff, Tobias; Sullivan, Kevin F.; Sutherland, Stewart C.; Sutton, Adrienne J.; Sweeney, Colm; Tadokoro, Kazuaki; Takahashi, Taro; Telszewski, Maciej; van Heuven, Steven M. A. C.; Vandemark, Douglas; Wada, Chisato; Ward, Brian; Watson, Andrew J. (2017). Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) version 4, 1968-11-16 to 2014-12-31 (NCEI Accession 0161129). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.3334/cdiac/otg.socat_v4_grid. 2017-02-24 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.3334/cdiac/otg.socat_v4_grid NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0161129 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0161129.html HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0161129.html Related dataset information Bakker, Dorothee C. E. University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences https://www.uea.ac.uk/ HTTPS University of East Anglia (UEA) website Institution web page information author Pfeil, Benjamin University of Bergen author Smith, Karl NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Harasawa, Sumiko Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology http://www.jamstec.go.jp HTTP Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) website Institution web page information author Landa, Camilla S. University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute author Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro National Institute for Environmental Studies author Nojiri, Yukihiro National Institute for Environmental Studies author Metzl, Nicolas Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author O'Brien, Kevin M. University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies, under grant from NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information author Olsen, Are University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute author Schuster, Ute University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Tilbrook, Bronte Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization author Wanninkhof, Rik NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Alin, Simone R. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Barbero, Leticia Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Bates, Nicholas Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences http://www.bios.edu HTTP Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) website Institution web page information author Bianchi, Alejandro A. author Bonou, Frédéric author Boutin, Jacqueline Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Bozec, Yann French National Center for Scientific Research yann.bozec@sb-roscoff.fr https://www.cnrs.fr/ HTTPS French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) website Institution web page information author Burger, Eugene F. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Castle, Robert D. NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Chen, Liqi State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography http://www.tio.org.cn/ HTTP Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (TIO) website Institution web page information author Chierici, Melissa Institute of Marine Research - Norway http://www.imr.no/english/ HTTP Institute of Marine Research - Norway (IMR) website Institution web page information author Cosca, Catherine E. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Currie, Kim I. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited http://www.niwa.cri.nz HTTP National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) website Institution web page information author Evans, Wiley Hakai Institute https://hakai.org/ HTTPS Hakai Institute website Institution web page information author Featherstone, Charles NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Feely, Richard A. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Fransson, Agneta Norwegian Polar Institute author Greenwood, Naomi Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science https://www.cefas.co.uk/ HTTPS Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) website Institution web page information author Gregor, Luke Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics http://www.ibp.ethz.ch/ HTTP Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP) website Institution web page information author Hankin, Steve NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Hardman-Mountford, Nick Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization author Harlay, Jérôme author Hauck, Judith Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Hoppema, Mario Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Humphreys, Matthew P. National Oceanography Centre https://noc.ac.uk/ HTTPS National Oceanography Centre (NOC) website Institution web page information author Hunt, Christopher W. University of New Hampshire author Johannessen, Truls Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Jones, Steve D. University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute author Keeling, Ralph F. Scripps Institution of Oceanography https://scripps.ucsd.edu/ HTTPS Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) website Institution web page information author Kitidis, Vassilis Plymouth Marine Laboratory http://www.pml.ac.uk/ HTTP Plymouth Marine Laboratory website Institution web page information author Kozyr, Alex Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center author Krasakopoulou, Evangelia University of the Aegean author Kuwata, Akira Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency akuwata@affrc.go.jp https://tnfri.fra.affrc.go.jp/eindex.html HTTPS Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency website Institution web page information author Lauvset, Siv K. NORCE Norwegian Research Centre https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information author Lo Monaco, Claire Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Manke, Ansley B. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Mathis, Jeremy T. NOAA Climate Program Office https://cpo.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Climate Program Office (CPO) website Institution web page information author Merlivat, Liliane Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Monteiro, Pedro M. S. Oceans Systems and Climate, CSIR-CHPC author Munro, David R. University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences https://cires.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) website Institution web page information author Murata, Akihiko Research Institute for Global Change http://www.jamstec.go.jp HTTP Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) website Institution web page information author Newberger, Tim University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences https://cires.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) website Institution web page information author Omar, Abdirahman M. Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Ono, Tsuneo National Research Institute of Fisheries Science https://nrifs.fra.affrc.go.jp/index_e.html HTTPS National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS) website Institution web page information author Paterson, Kristina Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization author Pierrot, Denis Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Robbins, Lisa L. United States Geological Survey https://www.usgs.gov/ HTTPS United States Geological Survey (USGS) website Institution web page information author Sabine, Christopher L. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Saito, Shu Japan Meteorological Agency author Salisbury, Joseph E. University of New Hampshire author Schneider, Bernd Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde schneider@ice.mpg.de https://www.io-warnemuende.de/ HTTPS Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) website Institution web page information author Schlitzer, Reiner Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Sieger, Rainer Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Skjelvan, Ingunn NORCE Norwegian Research Centre https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information author Steinhoff, Tobias GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Sullivan, Kevin F. Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies Kevin.Sullivan@noaa.gov https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Sutherland, Stewart C. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory suth@ldeo.columbia.edu http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information author Sutton, Adrienne J. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Sweeney, Colm NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) website Institution web page information author Tadokoro, Kazuaki Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory author Takahashi, Taro Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information author Telszewski, Maciej International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences author van Heuven, Steven M. A. C. University of Groningen https://www.rug.nl/ HTTPS University of Groningen (RUG) website Institution web page information author Vandemark, Douglas University of New Hampshire author Wada, Chisato National Institute for Environmental Studies wada.chisato@nies.go.jp author Ward, Brian author Watson, Andrew J. University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher tableDigital crossReference project eng; USA utf8 environment oceans climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere -180 180 -90 90 1957-01-01 2016-12-31 In this accession, NCEI has archived multiple versions of these data. The latest (and best) version of these data has the largest version number. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. Originator data format 9393.876 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0163180.html HTTPS Web browser Project Metadata Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://doi.org/10.25921/8cea-c727 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/163180 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/163180 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0108/0163180/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0163180 v1.1 was published. 2017-06-08T19:42:59Z NCEI Accession 0163180 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0163180/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0163180 v1.1 published 2017-06-08T19:42:59Z download NCEI Accession 0163180 was revised and v2.2 was published. Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2017-06-23T00:36:08Z NCEI Accession 0163180 v2.2 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0163180/2.2 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0163180 v2.2 published 2017-06-23T00:36:08Z download NCEI Accession 0163180 was revised and v2.3 was published. Additional metadata files were received or created for this dataset. These updates were copied into the about/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2025-06-25T19:57:57Z NCEI Accession 0163180 v2.3 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0163180/2.3 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0163180 v2.3 published 2025-06-25T19:57:57Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: pCO2 (fCO2) autonomous; Abbreviation: fCO2; Unit: uatm; Observation type: Surface underway; Measured or calculated: fCO2 recomputed from the raw data; Equilibrator type:; Equilibrator volume:; How was pressure inside the equilibrator measured:; SEA CO2 gas detector resolution: Accuracy: better than 5 uatm; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value; Researcher name: SOCAT Team Parameter or Variable: Sea Surface Salinity; Abbreviation: SSS; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT team Parameter or Variable: Sea Surface Temperature; Abbreviation: SST; Unit: Deg. C; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT Team Parameter or Variable: Atmospheric Pressure; Abbreviation: ATM_PPRE; Unit: DBAR; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT Team Parameter or Variable: Pressure at Equilibrator; Abbreviation: EQ_PRE; Unit: DBAR; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT Team Parameter or Variable: Water Temperature at Equilibrator; Abbreviation: EQ_TMP; Unit: Deg. C; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT Team asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer measures gaseous carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide gas analyzer has often been referred to as LI-COR, because a lot of researchers choose to use products manufactured by LI-COR incorporation for their carbon dioxide measurement. The main component of a carbon dioxide analyzer is a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopic sensors to detect CO2 in a gaseous environment by its characteristic absorption. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator (insttypes_id 184) to measure carbon dioxide in the water. To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water. showerhead equilibrator showerhead equilibrator extracts dissolved CO2 from water A carbon dioxide equilibrator is usually in the shape of a vertical tube, with a showerhead on the top, some headspace, a lot of beads to increase the surface exchange area between water and air, a water seal device at the bottom to allow water to overflow, but prevents air exchange between inside and outside. Carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer (insttypes_id 183) to measure carbon dioxide in the water. To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water. VARIOUS CHARTERED VESSELS VARIOUS CHARTERED VESSELS