noaa-forcing-33616 eng; USA utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact NOAA World Data Service for Paleoclimatology Data Center Contact 828-271-4800 303-497-6513 325 Broadway, E/NE31 Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA paleo@noaa.gov pointOfContact 2025-06-06 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Atmospheric CO2 66 Million Year Reconstruction from Marine Archives 2021-06-09 publication doi:10.25921/nps7-d736 noaa-forcing-33616 NCEI DSI 1200_02 NCEI DSI 1200_01 Rae, J.W.B. originator Rae, J.W.B. author Zhang, Y.G. originator Zhang, Y.G. author Liu, X. originator Liu, X. author Foster, G.L. originator Foster, G.L. author Stoll, H. originator Stoll, H. author Whiteford, R.D.M. originator Whiteford, R.D.M. author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information publisher tableDigital This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Forcing. The data include parameters of climate forcing|paleoceanography with a geographic location of Global. The time period coverage is from 66000000 to 0 in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data. Records of changes in solar irradiance, volcanic aerosols, atmospheric trace gases, and other properties thought to influence climate in the past. Parameter keywords describe what was measured in this dataset. Additional summary information can be found in the abstracts of papers listed in the dataset citations. completed NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact NOAA World Data Service for Paleoclimatology Data Center Contact 828-271-4800 303-497-6513 325 Broadway, E/NE31 Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA paleo@noaa.gov pointOfContact https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/webimages/pc-default-forcing.png Paleoclimatology - Climate Forcing PNG Earth Science > Climate Indicators > Paleoclimate Indicators > Paleoclimate Forcing theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate forcing > carbon dioxide theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Atmospheric Gas Reconstruction theme What: sample identification; Material: null What: notes; Material: null What: delta 13C photosynthetic fractionation factor; Material: alkenone What: sea water temperature; Material: null What: sea water salinity; Material: null What: physiological scaling parameter; Material: null What: physiological scaling parameter; Material: null What: delta 13C; Material: benthic foraminifer What: carbon dioxide; Material: benthic foraminifer|bulk atmosphere What: carbon dioxide; Material: benthic foraminifer|bulk atmosphere What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: notes; Material: null What: age; Material: null What: carbon dioxide; Material: alkenone|bulk atmosphere What: delta 13C; Material: alkenone What: carbon dioxide; Material: benthic foraminifer|bulk atmosphere What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: sea water salinity; Material: null What: notes; Material: null What: delta 11B; Material: sea water What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: notes; Material: null What: notes; Material: null What: notes; Material: null What: notes; Material: null What: notes; Material: null What: delta 13C; Material: planktic foraminifer What: delta 13C photosynthetic fractionation factor; Material: null What: pH; Material: sea water What: age; Material: null What: sea water salinity; Material: null What: pH; Material: delta 11B|sea water What: pH; Material: delta 11B|sea water What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: notes; Material: null What: notes; Material: null What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: carbon dioxide; Material: alkenone|bulk atmosphere What: age; Material: null What: sea water salinity; Material: null What: depth; Material: null What: calcium; Material: sea water What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: notes; Material: null What: carbon dioxide; Material: alkenone|bulk atmosphere What: physiological scaling parameter; Material: null What: delta 13C; Material: benthic foraminifer What: delta 13C photosynthetic fractionation factor; Material: benthic foraminifer What: pH; Material: sea water What: notes; Material: null What: pH; Material: delta 11B|sea water What: sample identification; Material: null What: notes; Material: null What: notes; Material: null What: length; Material: coccolithophore What: delta 13C photosynthetic fractionation factor; Material: null What: delta 13C photosynthetic fractionation factor; Material: benthic foraminifer What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: sea water temperature; Material: null What: delta 11B; Material: planktic foraminifer What: delta 11B; Material: borate ion|planktic foraminifer What: dissociation constant; Material: null What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: notes; Material: null What: notes; Material: null What: sea water temperature; Material: null What: delta 13C; Material: alkenone What: delta 13C photosynthetic fractionation factor; Material: null What: delta 13C photosynthetic fractionation factor; Material: benthic foraminifer What: pH; Material: sea water What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: magnesium; Material: sea water What: pH; Material: delta 11B|sea water What: pH; Material: delta 11B|sea water What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: notes; Material: null What: delta 13C; Material: planktic foraminifer What: length; Material: coccolithophore What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B What: delta 11B; Material: planktic foraminifer What: depth; Material: null What: notes; Material: null What: pH; Material: delta 11B|sea water What: pH; Material: delta 11B|sea water What: pH; Material: delta 11B|sea water What: carbon dioxide; Material: bulk atmosphere|delta 11B theme Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/paleoenvironmental-standard-terms-thesaurus PaST Thesaurus information publisher Geographic Region > Global > Global > LATITUDE > LONGITUDE place DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian otherRestrictions Cite as: Rae, J.W.B.; Zhang, Y.G.; Liu, X.; Foster, G.L.; Stoll, H.; Whiteford, R.D.M. (2021-06-09): NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Atmospheric CO2 66 Million Year Reconstruction from Marine Archives. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/nps7-d736. Accessed [date]. otherRestrictions Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose otherRestrictions None otherRestrictions Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site. Atmospheric CO2 over the Past 66 Million Years from Marine Archives 2021 publication James W.B. Rae, Yi Ge Zhang, Xiaoqing Liu, Gavin L. Foster, Heather M. Stoll, and Ross D.M. Whiteford author Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences publisher https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082420-063026 HTTPS Web Browser Associated Reference published 2021 James W.B. Rae, Yi Ge Zhang, Xiaoqing Liu, Gavin L. Foster, Heather M. Stoll, and Ross D.M. Whiteford, 2021: Atmospheric CO2 over the Past 66 Million Years from Marine Archives. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 49, 609-641, 10.1146/annurev-earth-082420-063026 information crossReference sciencePaper eng; USA geoscientificInformation Date Range: 66000000 cal yr BP to 0 cal yr BP; -180 180 -90 90 -65998050 1950 STUDY NOTES: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration reconstructed from marine sediment alkenone and boron isotope data for the past 66 million years. ABSTRACT SUPPLIED BY ORIGINATOR: Throughout Earth's history, CO2 is thought to have exerted a fundamental control on environmental change. Here we review and revise CO2 reconstructions from boron isotopes in carbonates and carbon isotopes in organic matter over the Cenozoic-the past 66 million years. We find close coupling between CO2 and climate throughout the Cenozoic, with peak CO2 levels of ~1,500 ppm in the Eocene greenhouse, decreasing to ~500 ppm in the Miocene, and falling further into the ice age world of the Plio-Pleistocene. Around two-thirds of Cenozoic CO2 drawdown is explained by an increase in the ratio of ocean alkalinity to dissolved inorganic carbon, likely linked to a change in the balance of weathering to outgassing, with the remaining one-third due to changing ocean temperature and major ion composition. Earth system climate sensitivity is explored and may vary between different time intervals. The Cenozoic CO2 record highlights the truly geological scale of anthropogenic CO2 change: Current CO2 levels were last seen around 3 million years ago, and major cuts in emissions are required to prevent a return to the CO2 levels of the Miocene or Eocene in the coming century. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information distributor In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. Native Format(s) https://doi.org/10.25921/nps7-d736 HTTPS Landing Page Metadata Landing Page NCEI landing page with general information and links to access the data. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/33616 HTTPS Web Browser NOAA Study Page Study page with data access information. search https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/climate-forcing HTTPS Information NCEI Forcing Page General information for this data type. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/rae2021/rae2021d11b-ph-co2.txt HTTPS Download NCEI Direct Download Direct download links for dataset files. download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/rae2021/rae2021d11b-by-study.txt HTTPS Download NCEI Direct Download Direct download links for dataset files. download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/rae2021/rae2021co2-d11b-ph.txt HTTPS Download NCEI Direct Download Direct download links for dataset files. download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/rae2021/rae2021co2-alkenone.txt HTTPS Download NCEI Direct Download Direct download links for dataset files. download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/rae2021/rae2021alkenone-co2diffusive.txt HTTPS Download NCEI Direct Download Direct download links for dataset files. download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/rae2021/rae2021alkenone-co2anchored.txt HTTPS Download NCEI Direct Download Direct download links for dataset files. download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/rae2021/ HTTPS Download /climate_forcing/trace_gases/rae2021/ Data Folder download asNeeded This ISO metadata record was translated from DIF metadata using dif-9x-to-iso-19115-2.xsl Version: 2022-06-21