gov.noaa.nodc:0157631 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-07-28T13:14:48Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) version 2, 1968-11-16 to 2011-12-31 (NCEI Accession 0157631) 2017-01-02 publication 2025-06-25 revision 2016-12-21 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/fm0n-5t39 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0157631 NCEI Archive Management System 0157631 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Alex Kozyr Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) Alex.Kozyr@noaa.gov https://cisess.umd.edu/ HTTPS Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) resourceProvider Dorothee Bakker University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences D.Bakker@uea.ac.uk principalInvestigator Are Olsen University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) Are.Olsen@gfi.uib.no http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Steve Hankin NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) steven.c.hankin@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Karl Smith NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) karl.smith@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Benjamin Pfeil University of Bergen Benjamin.Pfeil@gfi.uib.no principalInvestigator Zhongyong Gao collaborator Yukihiro Nojiri National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) collaborator Yann Bozec French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) yann.bozec@sb-roscoff.fr https://www.cnrs.fr/ HTTPS French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) website Institution web page information collaborator Wiley Evans Hakai Institute wiley.evans@hakai.org https://hakai.org/ HTTPS Hakai Institute website Institution web page information collaborator Vedula V. S. S. Sarma collaborator Vassilis Kitidis Plymouth Marine Laboratory vak@pml.ac.uk http://www.pml.ac.uk/ HTTP Plymouth Marine Laboratory website Institution web page information collaborator Ute Schuster University of Exeter U.Schuster@exeter.ac.uk http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information collaborator Tsuneo Ono National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS) ono_tsuneo65@fra.go.jp https://nrifs.fra.affrc.go.jp/index_e.html HTTPS National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS) website Institution web page information collaborator Truls Johannessen Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research truls.johannessen@gfi.uib.no https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information collaborator Toru Suzuki Japan Hydrographic Association, Marine Information Research Center collaborator Tobias Steinhoff GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) tsteinhoff@geomar.de http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information collaborator Tim Newberger University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Tim.Newberger@noaa.gov https://cires.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) website Institution web page information collaborator Taro Takahashi Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information collaborator Tadafumi Ichikawa collaborator Sumiko Harasawa Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) http://www.jamstec.go.jp HTTP Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) website Institution web page information collaborator Steven van Heuven University of Groningen (RUG) https://www.rug.nl/ HTTPS University of Groningen (RUG) website Institution web page information collaborator Steve D. Jones University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) steve.jones@vliz.be http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information collaborator Siv K. Lauvset University of Bergen sivk@norceresearch.no collaborator Simone R. Alin NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) simone.r.alin@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Shu Saito Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) seadata@climar.kishou.go.jp collaborator Robert D. Castle NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information collaborator Rik Wanninkhof NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information collaborator Richard Feely NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Reiner Schlitzer Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research collaborator Rainer Sieger Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information collaborator Penny Vlahos collaborator Nobuo Tsurushima collaborator nicolas metzl Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) nicolas.metzl@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information collaborator Nick Hardman-Mountford Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) nick.hardman-mountford@csiro.au collaborator Nicholas Bates Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) Nick.Bates@bios.edu http://www.bios.edu HTTP Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) website Institution web page information collaborator Melissa Chierici Institute of Marine Research - Norway (IMR) http://www.imr.no/english/ HTTP Institute of Marine Research - Norway (IMR) website Institution web page information collaborator Mario Hoppema Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) Mario.Hoppema@awi.de collaborator Maciej Telszewski International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project collaborator Liqi Chen State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography chenliqi@jmu.edu.cn http://www.tio.org.cn/ HTTP State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography website Institution web page information collaborator Liliane Merlivat Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information collaborator Leticia Barbero Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) Leticia.Barbero@noaa.gov https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information collaborator Kristina Paterson Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) collaborator Kim I. Currie National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) kim.currie@niwa.co.nz http://www.niwa.cri.nz HTTP National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) website Institution web page information collaborator Kevin O'Brien University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) kevin.m.o'brien@noaa.gov https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information collaborator Kevin F. Sullivan Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) Kevin.Sullivan@noaa.gov https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information collaborator Joseph Salisbury University of New Hampshire (UNH) Joe.Salisbury@unh.edu collaborator John Akl Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) collaborator Jerry Tjiputra NORCE Research AS collaborator Jeremy Mathis NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) jacqueline.boutin@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information collaborator Ingunn Skjelvan NORCE Norwegian Research Centre insk@norceresearch.no https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information collaborator Heng Sun collaborator Hein J. W. de Baar Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) http://www.nioz.nl/ HTTP Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) website Institution web page information collaborator Francisco P. Chavez collaborator Elizabeth M. Jones Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information collaborator Douglas W. R. Wallace Dalhousie University douglas.wallace@dal.ca https://www.dal.ca/ HTTPS Dalhousie University website Institution web page information collaborator Douglas Vandemark University of New Hampshire (UNH) doug.vandemark@unh.edu collaborator Denis Pierrot Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) denis.pierrot@noaa.gov https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information collaborator Colm Sweeney NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) Colm.Sweeney@noaa.gov https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) website Institution web page information collaborator Christopher Hunt University of New Hampshire (UNH) chunt@unh.edu collaborator Christopher Sabine NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) chris.sabine@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Chisato Wada National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) wada.chisato@nies.go.jp collaborator Catherine Cosca NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Cathy.Cosca@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Burke Hales Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences (OSU-CEOAS) bhales@coas.oregonstate.edu http://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/ HTTP Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences (OSU-CEOAS) website Institution web page information collaborator Bronte Tilbrook Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) collaborator Betty E. Huss NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information collaborator Ansley B. Manke NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Andrew Watson University of Exeter andrew.watson@exeter.ac.uk http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information collaborator Alex Kozyr Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) Alex.Kozyr@noaa.gov https://cisess.umd.edu/ HTTPS Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) website Institution web page information collaborator Akihiko Murata Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC) https://www.jamstec.go.jp/rigc/ HTTPS Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC) website Institution web page information collaborator Agneta Fransson Norwegian Polar Institute agneta@npolar.no collaborator Adrienne Sutton NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Adrienne.Sutton@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator abdirahman omar Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information collaborator Bakker, Dorothee C. E. University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences author Pfeil, Benjamin University of Bergen author Smith, Karl NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Hankin, Steve NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Olsen, Are University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information author Alin, Simone R. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Cosca, Catherine E. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Harasawa, Sumiko Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology http://www.jamstec.go.jp HTTP Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) website Institution web page information author Kozyr, Alex Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies https://cisess.umd.edu/ HTTPS Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) website Institution web page information author Nojiri, Yukihiro National Institute for Environmental Studies author O'Brien, Kevin M. University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies, under grant from NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information author Schuster, Ute University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Telszewski, Maciej International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project author Tilbrook, Bronte Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization author Wada, Chisato National Institute for Environmental Studies wada.chisato@nies.go.jp author Akl, John Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization author Barbero, Leticia Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Bates, Nicholas Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences http://www.bios.edu HTTP Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) website Institution web page information author Boutin, Jacqueline Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Bozec, Yann French National Center for Scientific Research yann.bozec@sb-roscoff.fr https://www.cnrs.fr/ HTTPS French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) website Institution web page information author Castle, Robert D. NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Chavez, Francisco P. author Chen, Liqi State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography chenliqi@jmu.edu.cn http://www.tio.org.cn/ HTTP State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography website Institution web page information author Chierici, Melissa Institute of Marine Research - Norway http://www.imr.no/english/ HTTP Institute of Marine Research - Norway (IMR) website Institution web page information author Currie, Kim I. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited kim.currie@niwa.co.nz http://www.niwa.cri.nz HTTP National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) website Institution web page information author de Baar, Hein J. W. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research http://www.nioz.nl/ HTTP Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) website Institution web page information author Evans, Wiley Hakai Institute https://hakai.org/ HTTPS Hakai Institute website Institution web page information author Feely, Richard A. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Fransson, Agneta Norwegian Polar Institute author Gao, Zhongyong author Hales, Burke Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences http://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/ HTTP Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences (OSU-CEOAS) website Institution web page information author Hardman-Mountford, Nick Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization author Hoppema, Mario Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) author Hunt, Christopher W. University of New Hampshire author Huss, Betty E. NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Ichikawa, Tadafumi author Johannessen, Truls Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Jones, Elizabeth M. Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Jones, Steve D. University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information author Kitidis, Vassilis Plymouth Marine Laboratory http://www.pml.ac.uk/ HTTP Plymouth Marine Laboratory website Institution web page information author Lauvset, Siv K. University of Bergen author Manke, Ansley B. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Mathis, Jeremy T. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Merlivat, Liliane Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Metzl, Nicolas Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Murata, Akihiko Research Institute for Global Change https://www.jamstec.go.jp/rigc/ HTTPS Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC) website Institution web page information author Newberger, Tim University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences Tim.Newberger@noaa.gov https://cires.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) website Institution web page information author Omar, Abdirahman M. Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Ono, Tsuneo National Research Institute of Fisheries Science https://nrifs.fra.affrc.go.jp/index_e.html HTTPS National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS) website Institution web page information author Paterson, Kristina Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization author Pierrot, Denis Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, under grant from NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Sabine, Christopher L. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Saito, Shu Japan Meteorological Agency seadata@climar.kishou.go.jp author Salisbury, Joseph E. University of New Hampshire author Sarma, Vedula V. S. S. author Schlitzer, Reiner Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research author Sieger, Rainer Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Skjelvan, Ingunn NORCE Norwegian Research Centre https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information author Steinhoff, Tobias GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Sullivan, Kevin F. Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, under grant from NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Kevin.Sullivan@noaa.gov https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Sun, Heng author Sutton, Adrienne J. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Suzuki, Toru Japan Hydrographic Association, Marine Information Research Center author Sweeney, Colm NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) website Institution web page information author Takahashi, Taro Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information author Tjiputra, Jerry NORCE Research AS author Tsurushima, Nobuo author van Heuven, Steven M. A. C. University of Groningen https://www.rug.nl/ HTTPS University of Groningen (RUG) website Institution web page information author Vandemark, Douglas University of New Hampshire doug.vandemark@unh.edu author Vlahos, Penny author Wallace, Douglas W. R. Dalhousie University douglas.wallace@dal.ca https://www.dal.ca/ HTTPS Dalhousie University website Institution web page information author Wanninkhof, Rik NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Watson, Andrew J. University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information contributor University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences contributor NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information contributor tableDigital This dataset includes Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) version 2, a synthesis product of the surface water fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) for the global oceans and coastal seas from 1968-11-16 to 2011-12-31. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is an international effort, supported by the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), and the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research program (IMBER), to deliver a uniformly quality-controlled surface ocean CO2 database. This dataset is available to the public for a wide variety of uses including scientific research and analysis. completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded NCEI Accession 0157631 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0157631 Preview graphic PNG 0157631 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2017-01-01 publication BAROMETRIC PRESSURE LATITUDE LONGITUDE partial pressure of carbon dioxide - water SALINITY SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS chemical meteorological navigational physical surface underway theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) project NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS World-Wide Distribution place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication BJERKNES > Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research DOC/NOAA/OAR/PMEL > Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, OAR, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce DOE/ORNL/ESD/CDIAC > Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian SOCA19681116 project EXPOCODE Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS) Project project Ocean Acidification Search Keywords EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > CARBON DIOXIDE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > SALINITY theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Surface underway theme OCADS Study Type ATM_PRE EQ_PRE EQ_TMP FCO2_WAT SSS SST WOA_SSS theme Provider Variable Abbreviations CO2 ANALYZERS > CO2 ANALYZERS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian GEOGRAPHIC REGION > GLOBAL OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian World Ocean place Provider Geographic Names accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Pfeil, Benjamin; Smith, Karl; Hankin, Steve; Olsen, Are; Alin, Simone R.; Cosca, Catherine E.; Harasawa, Sumiko; Kozyr, Alex; Nojiri, Yukihiro; O'Brien, Kevin M.; Schuster, Ute; Telszewski, Maciej; Tilbrook, Bronte; Wada, Chisato; Akl, John; Barbero, Leticia; Bates, Nicholas; Boutin, Jacqueline; Bozec, Yann; Castle, Robert D.; Chavez, Francisco P.; Chen, Liqi; Chierici, Melissa; Currie, Kim I.; de Baar, Hein J. W.; Evans, Wiley; Feely, Richard A.; Fransson, Agneta; Gao, Zhongyong; Hales, Burke; Hardman-Mountford, Nick; Hoppema, Mario; Hunt, Christopher W.; Huss, Betty E.; Ichikawa, Tadafumi; Johannessen, Truls; Jones, Elizabeth M.; Jones, Steve D.; Kitidis, Vassilis; Lauvset, Siv K.; Manke, Ansley B.; Mathis, Jeremy T.; Merlivat, Liliane; Metzl, Nicolas; Murata, Akihiko; Newberger, Tim; Omar, Abdirahman M.; Ono, Tsuneo; Paterson, Kristina; Pierrot, Denis; Sabine, Christopher L.; Saito, Shu; Salisbury, Joseph E.; Sarma, Vedula V. S. S.; Schlitzer, Reiner; Sieger, Rainer; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Steinhoff, Tobias; Sullivan, Kevin F.; Sun, Heng; Sutton, Adrienne J.; Suzuki, Toru; Sweeney, Colm; Takahashi, Taro; Tjiputra, Jerry; Tsurushima, Nobuo; van Heuven, Steven M. A. C.; Vandemark, Douglas; Vlahos, Penny; Wallace, Douglas W. R.; Wanninkhof, Rik; Watson, Andrew J. (2017). Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) version 2, 1968-11-16 to 2011-12-31 (NCEI Accession 0157631). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/fm0n-5t39. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. license This dataset is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. SPDX License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O’Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., … Watson, A. J. (2014). An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2). Earth System Science Data, 6(1), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014 2014-03-07 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014 related journal article information Bakker, D. C. E. University of East Anglia author Pfeil, B. author Smith, K. author Hankin, S. author Olsen, A. University of Bergen author Alin, S. R. author Cosca, C. author Harasawa, S. author Kozyr, A. author Nojiri, Y. author O'Brien, K. M. author Schuster, U. author Telszewski, M. author Tilbrook, B. CSIRO author Wada, C. author Akl, J. author Barbero, L. University of Miami http://www.miami.edu/ HTTP University of Miami (UM) website Institution web page information author Bates, N. R. author Boutin, J. CNRS Délégation Paris B https://www.cnrs.fr/ HTTPS French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) website Institution web page information author Bozec, Y. author Cai, W.-J. author Castle, R. D. author Chavez, F. P. author Chen, L. author Chierici, M. author Currie, K. author de Baar, H. J. W. author Evans, W. author Feely, R. A. author Fransson, A. author Gao, Z. author Hales, B. author Hardman-Mountford, N. J. author Hoppema, M. Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Huang, W.-J. author Hunt, C. W. author Huss, B. author Ichikawa, T. author Johannessen, T. University of Bergen author Jones, E. M. author Jones, S. D. VLIZ author Jutterström, S. author Kitidis, V. author Körtzinger, A. author Landschützer, P. author Lauvset, S. K. author Lefèvre, N. author Manke, A. B. author Mathis, J. T. author Merlivat, L. author Metzl, N. author Murata, A. author Newberger, T. author Omar, A. M. author Ono, T. author Park, G.-H. author Paterson, K. author Pierrot, D. author Ríos, A. F. author Sabine, C. L. author Saito, S. author Salisbury, J. author Sarma, V. V. S. S. author Schlitzer, R. Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung author Sieger, R. Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Skjelvan, I. author Steinhoff, T. author Sullivan, K. F. author Sun, H. author Sutton, A. J. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory author Suzuki, T. author Sweeney, C. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) website Institution web page information author Takahashi, T. author Tjiputra, J. author Tsurushima, N. author van Heuven, S. M. A. C. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar und Meeresforschung https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Vandemark, D. author Vlahos, P. author Wallace, D. W. R. author Wanninkhof, R. author Watson, A. J. author Copernicus GmbH publisher documentDigital Earth Syst. Sci. Data 6(1) ISSN 1866-3516, pp. 69-90 crossReference project NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022). Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system 2022-04 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system OCADS website information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital [accessed 2024-02-08] crossReference program SOCAT publication https://www.socat.info/ HTTPS https://www.socat.info/ Related resource information documentDigital crossReference project SOCATv2025 ODV collection publication https://odv.awi.de/data/ocean/socat-fco2-data/ HTTPS https://odv.awi.de/data/ocean/socat-fco2-data/ Related resource information documentDigital crossReference project SOCATv2025 ODV collection online via webODV publication https://explore.webodv.awi.de/ocean/carbon/socat/ HTTPS https://explore.webodv.awi.de/ocean/carbon/socat/ Related resource information documentDigital crossReference project Ships Of Opportunity Program (SOOP) Data 2022 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/VOS_Program/ HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/VOS_Program/ Related resource information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital crossReference project GlobaL CO2 Time-Series and Moorings Project 2022 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/time_series_moorings.html HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/time_series_moorings.html Related resource information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital crossReference project Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Data 2022 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/ASV/ HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/ASV/ Related resource information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital crossReference project eng; USA utf8 environment oceans climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere -179.6 -179.9 -89.9 89.9 1968-11-16 2011-12-31 In this accession, NCEI has archived multiple versions of these data. The latest (and best) version of these data has the largest version number. These data were acquired by NCEI from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) in accordance with an archival submission agreement between CDIAC and NCEI. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. CSV 4933.476 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0157631.html HTTPS Web browser Project Metadata Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://doi.org/10.25921/fm0n-5t39 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/157631 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/157631 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0102/0157631/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0157631 v1.1 was published. 2017-01-02T01:48:36Z NCEI Accession 0157631 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0157631/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0157631 v1.1 published 2017-01-02T01:48:36Z download NCEI Accession 0157631 was revised and v1.2 was published. Additional metadata files were received or created for this dataset. These updates were copied into the about/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2025-06-25T17:05:54Z NCEI Accession 0157631 v1.2 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0157631/1.2 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0157631 v1.2 published 2025-06-25T17:05:54Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: SST; Abbreviation: SST; Unit: DEG_C; Controlled vocabulary name: SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation Parameter or Variable: SSS; Abbreviation: SSS; Controlled vocabulary name: SALINITY; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation Parameter or Variable: EQ_TMP; Abbreviation: EQ_TMP; Unit: DEG_C; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation Parameter or Variable: ATM_PRE; Abbreviation: ATM_PRE; Unit: HPA; Controlled vocabulary name: BAROMETRIC PRESSURE; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation Parameter or Variable: EQ_PRE; Abbreviation: EQ_PRE; Unit: HPA; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation Parameter or Variable: WOA_SSS; Abbreviation: WOA_SSS; Controlled vocabulary name: SALINITY; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation Parameter or Variable: FCO2_WAT; Abbreviation: FCO2_WAT; Unit: UATM; Controlled vocabulary name: partial pressure of carbon dioxide - water; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer measures gaseous carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide gas analyzer has often been referred to as LI-COR, because a lot of researchers choose to use products manufactured by LI-COR incorporation for their carbon dioxide measurement. The main component of a carbon dioxide analyzer is a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopic sensors to detect CO2 in a gaseous environment by its characteristic absorption. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator (insttypes_id 184) to measure carbon dioxide in the water. To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water.