gov.noaa.nodc:0259304 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-06-03T13:17:07Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) GOBAI-O2: A Global Gridded Monthly Dataset of Ocean Interior Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations Based on Shipboard and Autonomous Observations (NCEI Accession 0259304) 2022-08-30 publication 2025-09-12 revision 2022-08-26 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/z72m-yz67 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0259304 NCEI Archive Management System 0259304 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Jonathan D. Sharp University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) Jonathan.Sharp@noaa.gov https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information resourceProvider University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Jonathan D. Sharp University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) jonathan.sharp@noaa.gov https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information pointOfContact Sharp, Jonathan D. University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information author Fassbender, Andrea J. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Carter, Brendan R. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Johnson, Gregory C. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Schultz, Cristina NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) website Institution web page information author Dunne, John P. NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) website Institution web page information author University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information contributor NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) website Institution web page information contributor NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information contributor tableDigital This dataset contains a global gridded data product of observation-based ocean interior dissolved oxygen concentrations. The data product is called GOBAI-O2 for Gridded Ocean Biogeochemistry from Artificial Intelligence - Oxygen. The dissolved oxygen fields were constructed by training machine learning algorithms with observations from shipboard analyses and autonomous profiling floats, then applying those trained algorithms to global gridded fields of temperature and salinity. Those temperature and salinity fields were calculated from a long-term mean field and monthly anomaly fields constructed from the global array of Argo floats (Roemmich and Gilson, 2009), and are presented alongside GOBAI-O2 for easy analysis. Also presented are uncertainty fields for dissolved oxygen, which were calculated by combining three separate sources of uncertainty as described in Sharp et al. (2023), see the Documentation. The scope and resolution of GOBAI-O2 are as follows: geographically, from -179.5 to 179.5 degrees longitude and -64.5 to 79.5 degrees latitude at 1-degree resolution; with respect to pressure, from 2.5 to 1975 decibars on 58 levels that become incrementally further spaced; and temporally, from January 2004 to December 2024 at monthly resolution. The algorithms used to produce GOBAI-O2 have been validated using real observations and synthetic data from model output, and the data product itself has been compared against the World Ocean Atlas and selected discrete measurements. Results of these validation and comparison exercises for GOBAI-O2-v2.1 are detailed in Sharp et al. (2023). Some updates to the methodology have been introduced for GOBAI-O2-v2.3, which will be described in an upcoming manuscript (Sharp et al., in prep): Observational O2 data from floats is still adjusted based on a crossover comparison with bottle O2 data, however, the adjustment equation is now a linear fit of the percent difference (Argo - bottle) in oxygen saturation as a function of oxygen saturation. Model-based experimentation has revealed some spatial and temporal discontinuities in GOBAI-O2 introduced by the Random Forest Regression models. For this reason, GOBAI-O2-v2.3 is based only on feed-forward neural networks. Rather than basin-specific clusters for algorithm training and application (as in GOBAI-O2-v2.1 and v2.2), clusters are now developed based on unsupervised learning (Gaussian mixture modeling) with temperature, salinity, and depth data. Algorithm-based uncertainty is now calculated from an ensemble of five model simulation experiments, rather than just one. This provides a more robust estimate of uncertainty in GOBAI-O2. Due to limited data in the Mediterranean Sea, the neural network for the cluster covering mostly the upper water column in the Mediterranean has been trained and applied without year as a predictor variable. Data are in netCDF, Figures are in PNG. This dataset is available to the public for a wide variety of uses including scientific research and analysis. Funding Agency: US DOC; NOAA; OAR; Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded NCEI Accession 0259304 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0259304 Preview graphic PNG 0259304 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2025-09-08 publication DISSOLVED OXYGEN SALINITY WATER TEMPERATURE theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS CTD oxygen sensor instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS chemical derived products physical theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS World-Wide Distribution place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication DOC/NOAA/GFDL > NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, U.S. Department of Commerce DOC/NOAA/OAR/PMEL > Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, OAR, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > OXYGEN EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > WATER TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > SALINITY theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian CTD > Conductivity, Temperature, Depth OXYGEN METERS > OXYGEN METERS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Algorithm instrument Provider Instruments GEOGRAPHIC REGION > GLOBAL OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian 0YT5YJ Send2NCEI Submission Package ID accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Sharp, Jonathan D.; Fassbender, Andrea J.; Carter, Brendan R.; Johnson, Gregory C.; Schultz, Cristina; Dunne, John P. (2022). GOBAI-O2: A Global Gridded Monthly Dataset of Ocean Interior Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations Based on Shipboard and Autonomous Observations (NCEI Accession 0259304). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/z72m-yz67. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. license This dataset has been dedicated to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication. SPDX License: Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal (CC0-1.0) Sharp, J. D., Fassbender, A. J., Carter, B. R., Johnson, G. C., Schultz, C., & Dunne, J. P. (2023). GOBAI-O2: temporally and spatially resolved fields of ocean interior dissolved oxygen over nearly 2 decades. Earth System Science Data, 15(10), 4481–4518. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023 2023-10-06 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023 Related journal article information Sharp, Jonathan D. University of Washington author Fassbender, Andrea J. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Carter, Brendan R. CICOES author Johnson, Gregory C. University of Washington School of Oceanography http://www.ocean.washington.edu HTTP UW School of Oceanography website Institution web page information author Schultz, Cristina author Dunne, John P. author Copernicus GmbH publisher documentDigital Earth Syst. Sci. Data 15(10) ISSN 1866-3516, pp. 4481-4518 crossReference sciencePaper Roemmich, D., & Gilson, J. (2009). The 2004–2008 mean and annual cycle of temperature, salinity, and steric height in the global ocean from the Argo Program. Progress in Oceanography, 82(2), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.03.004 2009-08 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.03.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.03.004 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.03.004 Related journal article information Roemmich, Dean author Gilson, John author Elsevier BV publisher documentDigital Progress in Oceanography 82(2) ISSN 0079-6611, pp. 81-100 crossReference sciencePaper Roemmich-Gilson Argo Climatology 2024 publication https://sio-argo.ucsd.edu/RG_Climatology.html HTTPS https://sio-argo.ucsd.edu/RG_Climatology.html Related dataset information crossReference study eng; USA utf8 environment oceans -179.5 179.5 -64.5 79.5 2004-01-01 2023-12-31 This dataset contains multiple versions. The highest is the most complete. In this accession, NCEI has archived multiple versions of these data. The latest (and best) version of these data has the largest version number. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. netCDF netCDF-3 64-bit offset PNG 13484.532 https://doi.org/10.25921/z72m-yz67 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/259304 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/259304 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0207/0259304/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0259304 v1.1 was published. 2022-08-30T16:45:55Z NCEI Accession 0259304 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0259304/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0259304 v1.1 published 2022-08-30T16:45:55Z download NCEI Accession 0259304 was revised and v2.2 was published. Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2023-03-23T21:57:30Z NCEI Accession 0259304 v2.2 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0259304/2.2 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0259304 v2.2 published 2023-03-23T21:57:30Z download NCEI Accession 0259304 was revised and v3.3 was published. Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2023-07-08T00:25:01Z NCEI Accession 0259304 v3.3 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0259304/3.3 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0259304 v3.3 published 2023-07-08T00:25:01Z download NCEI Accession 0259304 was revised and v4.4 was published. Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2024-05-28T19:26:20Z NCEI Accession 0259304 v4.4 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0259304/4.4 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0259304 v4.4 published 2024-05-28T19:26:20Z download NCEI Accession 0259304 was revised and v5.5 was published. Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2025-09-12T21:29:34Z NCEI Accession 0259304 v5.5 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0259304/5.5 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0259304 v5.5 published 2025-09-12T21:29:34Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: DISSOLVED OXYGEN (calculated); Units: micromole/kilogram; Observation Category: other; Sampling Instrument: Algorithm asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian CTD CTD Conductivity-Temperature-Depth probe oxygen sensor oxygen sensor Any instrument that measures oxygen content in a compound.