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        <gco:CharacterString>This is an archive of water temperature, salinity, ADCP velocity, including ice tracking data from moorings deployed in Bering Strait from summer 2018 to summer 2019.

Mooring deployments were funded by the NSF-Arctic Observing Network award PLR-1758565 (PIs: Woodgate and Peralta-Ferriz).

The mooring work required 2 dedicated cruises:
- in 2018 (10th - 19th August), a ~ 10 day cruise on the US research vessel Norseman II deployed the moorings.  Some CTD sections were run on this cruise, and those data are archived separately.
- in 2019 (5th - 15th September), a ~ 11 day cruise on the US research vessel Norseman II deployed the moorings.  Some CTD sections were run on this cruise, and those data are archived separately.

For 2018 to 2019, a total of three moorings were deployed:
- two moorings (A2 and A4) in the US channel of the strait,
- one mooring (A3) at a site just north of the strait.
In what follows, mooring names include a two digit suffix to represent year of deployment.

Sites A2, and A3 were established in 1990. A2 and A3 have been occupied almost continuously (all years except 96-97) since then. Site A4 was established in 2001. Mooring location A2 is in the middle of the eastern (Alaskan side) channel. Mooring location A3 is just north of the strait, immediately east of the Russian-US EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) line.

Experience has shown that site A3 samples both eastern and western channel water. Mooring location A4 is close to the Alaskan coast and allows measurement of the Alaskan Coastal Current.

Data are in text formats.</gco:CharacterString>
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Woodgate, R.A., K.M. Stafford and F.G. Prahl (2015) A synthesis of year-round interdisciplinary mooring measurements in the Bering Strait (1990-2014) and the RUSALCA years (2004-2011), Oceanography 28(3):46-67, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2015.57

Woodgate, R.A., 2018, Increases in the Pacific inflow to the Arctic from 1990 to 2015, and insights into seasonal trends and driving mechanisms from year-round Bering Strait mooring data, Progress in Oceanography, 160, 124-154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.12.007.

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                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: Physical oceanographic mooring data (temperature, salinity, velocity including ADCP ice tracking) (measured);
Units: SI units, given in headers (insitu degC, psu, cm/s, m-ranges, db);
Observation Category: in situ;
Sampling Instrument: SBE16, SBE37, 300kHz RDI Workhorse ADCP;
Sampling and Analyzing Method: See readme file;
Data Quality Method: See readme file</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measures currents beneath a ship while underway. Sound signals sent from the moving ship bounce back to receivers aboard the ship. This provides a profile of water movement relative to the ship-precise modern navigation, allowing the ship's motion to be subtracted from the data. These devices are also used on moorings and profilers and, along with acoustic backscattering, measure animal biomass. Particles in the path of the sound waves, mostly plankton, reflect a small part of the sound energy back toward receivers, allowing researchers to make remote estimates of the sizes and numbers of animals present in the water column. Before the 1970's, the most technologically advanced instrument used to measure water velocity was known as a Doppler speed log. This evolved into the first commercial ADCP, produced in the mid-1970's, which used averaging. Later in the 1970's, the first vessel-mounted ADCP was developed to measure water velocity more accurately and to allow measurement in range cells over a depth profile.

As instruments evolved, so did new techniques in Doppler signal processing. Initially, Doppler speed logs used simple analog signal processing methods, which are still used in some commercial speed logs today. However, the first ADCPs incorporated analog-to-digital signal conversion over a narrow communication bandwidth. Around 1990, this technique was developed into broadband signal processing. Since then, broadband ADCPs have been able to generate very accurate, real-time velocity measurements.</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>entry created as MOORINGS OF UNITED STATES, but has been used as a generic MOORINGS entry.</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Norseman II</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Updated information from ICES for the vessel NORSEMAN II from UNITED STATES.

Name : NORSEMAN II
Flag : UNITED STATES - US (ISO Country Code)
Call Sign : WDD6688
Platform Class : 31 Research vessel
IMO : 7908122
Commissioned Date : 2007
Current Length : 35
Built : 1978
Notes : MMSI 367176270.

Additional Information Sources:
- http://www.norsemanmaritime.com/our-ships.html
- http://www.norsemanmaritime.com/uploads/2/8/7/4/28748569/norseman_ii_spec_sheet_new_112013.pdf
- http://www.marinetraffic.com/pt/ais/details/ships/367176270/vessel:NORSEMAN_II
- http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/pls/webpls/cgv_pkg.vessel_id_list?vessel_id_in=601068

Submitted to ICES 2014-10-01.
Confirmed by NOAA on 2015-02-03.</gco:CharacterString>
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