gov.noaa.nodc:0235360 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-04-28T13:07:43Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database Version 2021 (SOCATv2021) (NCEI Accession 0235360) 2021-06-03 publication 2025-06-25 revision 2021-06-03 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/yg69-jd96 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0235360 NCEI Archive Management System 0235360 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Dorothee C. E. Bakker University of East Anglia (UEA) D.Bakker@uea.ac.uk https://www.uea.ac.uk/ HTTPS University of East Anglia (UEA) website Institution web page information resourceProvider University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences resourceProvider Dorothee Bakker University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences D.Bakker@uea.ac.uk principalInvestigator Simone R. Alin NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) simone.r.alin@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Rocío Castaño-Primo University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) Rocio.Primo@uib.no http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Meike Becker GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) mbecker@geomar.de http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Margot Cronin Marine Institute Ireland (MI) https://www.marine.ie/ HTTPS Marine Institute Ireland (MI) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Thanos Gkritzalis Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) thanosg@vliz.be http://www.vliz.be HTTP Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Alex Kozyr Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) Alex.Kozyr@noaa.gov https://cisess.umd.edu/ HTTPS Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Siv K. Lauvset University of Bergen sivk@norceresearch.no principalInvestigator nicolas metzl Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) nicolas.metzl@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr principalInvestigator DAVID MUNRO University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) david.munro@colorado.edu https://cires.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) nakaoka.shinichiro@nies.go.jp principalInvestigator Kevin O'Brien University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) kevin.m.o'brien@noaa.gov https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Are Olsen Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Are.Olsen@gfi.uib.no https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information principalInvestigator abdirahman omar Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research abdirahman.omar@bjerknes.uib.no https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Benjamin Pfeil Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Benjamin.Pfeil@gfi.uib.no https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Denis Pierrot NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) denis.pierrot@noaa.gov https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Carmen Rodriguez University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) crodriguez@rsmas.miami.edu http://www.rsmas.miami.edu HTTP University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Tobias Steinhoff GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) tsteinhoff@geomar.de http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Adrienne Sutton NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Adrienne.Sutton@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Bronte Tilbrook Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Bronte.Tilbrook@csiro.au principalInvestigator Rik Wanninkhof NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Anna Willstrand Wranne Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) anna.wranne@smhi.se https://www.smhi.se/ HTTPS Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Zoltan B. Szuts University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information collaborator Yukihiro Nojiri National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) collaborator Yoana G. Voynova Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon collaborator Ylva Ericson University of Bergen, Norway collaborator William T. Peterson NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center Newport Research Station bill.peterson@noaa.gov collaborator Wiley Evans Hakai Institute wiley.evans@hakai.org https://hakai.org/ HTTPS Hakai Institute website Institution web page information collaborator Vlad Alexandru Macovei Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon vlad.macovei@hereon.de collaborator Vivian A. 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Humphreys Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) http://www.nioz.nl/ HTTP Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) website Institution web page information collaborator Matt P. Enright Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) http://www.bios.edu HTTP Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) website Institution web page information collaborator Martina Gehrung Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon collaborator Markus Ritschel University of Hamburg, Germany collaborator Mark D. Ohman Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) mohman@ucsd.edu https://scripps.ucsd.edu/ HTTPS Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) website Institution web page information collaborator Maribel I. García-Ibáñez University of East Anglia (UEA) maribel.garcia@ieo.csic.es https://www.uea.ac.uk/ HTTPS University of East Anglia (UEA) website Institution web page information collaborator Maciej Telszewski International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, IOCCP collaborator Lise B. Apelthun University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information collaborator Liliane Merlivat Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information collaborator Laurent Coppola Oceanographic Observatory of Villefranche-sur-Mer (OOV) http://oov.obs-vlfr.fr/ HTTP Oceanographic Observatory of Villefranche-sur-Mer (OOV) website Institution web page information collaborator Laurence Beaumont CNRS, Division Technique de l'INSU collaborator Kim I. Currie National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) kim.currie@niwa.co.nz http://www.niwa.cri.nz HTTP National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) website Institution web page information collaborator Kevin F. Sullivan Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) Kevin.Sullivan@noaa.gov https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information collaborator Kazuaki Tadokoro Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory collaborator Karl Smith NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Joseph Salisbury University of New Hampshire (UNH) Joe.Salisbury@unh.edu collaborator Jessica Cross NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) jessica.cross@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Jan Newton University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) http://www.apl.washington.edu/ HTTP University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) website Institution web page information collaborator Jaime B. Palter University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography (GSO) jpalter@uri.edu collaborator Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) jacqueline.boutin@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information collaborator Juan Severino Pino Ibánhez Trinity College Dublin collaborator Juana Magdalena Santana Casiano Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) https://www.ulpgc.es/ HTTPS Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) website Institution web page information collaborator Ingunn Skjelvan NORCE Norwegian Research Centre insk@norceresearch.no https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information collaborator Hannelore Theetaert Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) hannelore.theetaert@vliz.be http://www.vliz.be HTTP Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) website Institution web page information collaborator Gregor Rehder Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) https://www.io-warnemuende.de/ HTTPS Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) website Institution web page information collaborator Frank J. Millero University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) http://www.rsmas.miami.edu HTTP University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) website Institution web page information collaborator Eugene F. Burger NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) eugene.burger@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Eric H. De Carlo University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (UHM) edecarlo@soest.hawaii.edu https://manoa.hawaii.edu/ HTTPS University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (UHM) website Institution web page information collaborator Douglas Vandemark University of New Hampshire (UNH) doug.vandemark@unh.edu collaborator Di Qi State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography qidi@tio.org.cn collaborator Colm Sweeney NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) Colm.Sweeney@noaa.gov https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) website Institution web page information collaborator Claire Lo Monaco Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) Claire.LoMonaco@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr collaborator Christopher Hunt University of New Hampshire (UNH) chunt@unh.edu collaborator Christopher Sabine NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) chris.sabine@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Chisato Wada National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) wada.chisato@nies.go.jp collaborator Catherine Cosca NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Cathy.Cosca@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Carolina Cantoni National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS) http://ogs.trieste.it/en/content/institute HTTP National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS) website Institution web page information collaborator Carla F. Berghoff Argentina National Institute for Fishery Research and Development (INIDEP) cberghoff@inidep.edu.ar https://www.argentina.gob.ar/inidep HTTPS Argentina National Institute for Fishery Research and Development (INIDEP) website Institution web page information collaborator Camilla S. Landa University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information collaborator Brent Else University of Calgary https://www.ucalgary.ca/ HTTPS University of Calgary website Institution web page information collaborator Björn Fiedler GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information collaborator Arne Körtzinger GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) akoertzinger@geomar.de http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information collaborator Ansley B. Manke NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information collaborator Anna Rutgersson Uppsala University http://www.uu.se/en HTTP Uppsala University website Institution web page information collaborator Anna Luchetta National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS) http://ogs.trieste.it/en/content/institute HTTP National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS) website Institution web page information collaborator André Cattrijsse Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) http://www.vliz.be HTTP Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) website Institution web page information collaborator Andreas Andersson Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego collaborator Alice Benoit-Cattin Marine and Freshwater Research Institute (MFRI) alice.benoit-cattin@hafogvatn.is https://www.hafogvatn.is/ HTTPS Marine and Freshwater Research Institute (MFRI) website Institution web page information collaborator Albert Plueddemann Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) aplueddemann@whoi.edu http://www.whoi.edu HTTP Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) website Institution web page information collaborator Agneta Fransson Norwegian Polar Institute agneta@npolar.no collaborator Bakker, Dorothee C. E. University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences author Alin, Simone R. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Castaño-Primo, Rocío University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information author Cronin, Margot Marine Institute Ireland (MI) https://www.marine.ie/ HTTPS Marine Institute Ireland (MI) website Institution web page information author Gkritzalis, Thanos Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) http://www.vliz.be HTTP Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) website Institution web page information author Kozyr, Alex Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) https://cisess.umd.edu/ HTTPS Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) website Institution web page information author Lauvset, Siv K. University of Bergen author Metzl, Nicolas Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) author Munro, David R. University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) https://cires.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) website Institution web page information author Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) author O'Brien, Kevin M. University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information author Olsen, Are Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Omar, Abdirahman M. Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Pfeil, Benjamin Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Pierrot, Denis NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Rodriguez, Carmen University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) http://www.rsmas.miami.edu HTTP University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) website Institution web page information author Steinhoff, Tobias GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Sutton, Adrienne J. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Tilbrook, Bronte Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) author Wanninkhof, Rik NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Willstrand Wranne, Anna Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) https://www.smhi.se/ HTTPS Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) website Institution web page information author Ahmed, Mohamed University of Calgary https://www.ucalgary.ca/ HTTPS University of Calgary website Institution web page information author Andersson, Andreas Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego author Apelthun, Lise B. University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information author Bates, Nicholas Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) Nick.Bates@bios.edu http://www.bios.edu HTTP Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) website Institution web page information author Battisti, Roman University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) roman.battisti@noaa.gov https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information author Beaumont, Laurence CNRS, Division Technique de l'INSU author Becker, Meike GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Benoit-Cattin, Alice Marine and Freshwater Research Institute (MFRI) alice.benoit-cattin@hafogvatn.is https://www.hafogvatn.is/ HTTPS Marine and Freshwater Research Institute (MFRI) website Institution web page information author Berghoff, Carla F. Argentina National Institute for Fishery Research and Development (INIDEP) cberghoff@inidep.edu.ar https://www.argentina.gob.ar/inidep HTTPS Argentina National Institute for Fishery Research and Development (INIDEP) website Institution web page information author Boutin, Jacqueline Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Burger, Eugene F. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Burgers, Tonya M. University of Manitoba https://umanitoba.ca/ HTTPS University of Manitoba website Institution web page information author Cantoni, Carolina National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS) http://ogs.trieste.it/en/content/institute HTTP National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS) website Institution web page information author Cattrijsse, André Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) http://www.vliz.be HTTP Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) website Institution web page information author Chierici, Melissa Institute of Marine Research - Norway (IMR) http://www.imr.no/english/ HTTP Institute of Marine Research - Norway (IMR) website Institution web page information author Cross, Jessica N. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Coppola, Laurent Oceanographic Observatory of Villefranche-sur-Mer (OOV) http://oov.obs-vlfr.fr/ HTTP Oceanographic Observatory of Villefranche-sur-Mer (OOV) website Institution web page information author Cosca, Catherine E. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Currie, Kim I. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) kim.currie@niwa.co.nz http://www.niwa.cri.nz HTTP National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) website Institution web page information author De Carlo, Eric H. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (UHM) edecarlo@soest.hawaii.edu https://manoa.hawaii.edu/ HTTPS University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (UHM) website Institution web page information author Else, Brent University of Calgary https://www.ucalgary.ca/ HTTPS University of Calgary website Institution web page information author Enright, Matt P. Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) http://www.bios.edu HTTP Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) website Institution web page information author Ericson, Ylva University of Bergen, Norway author Evans, Wiley Hakai Institute https://hakai.org/ HTTPS Hakai Institute website Institution web page information author Feely, Richard A. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Fiedler, Björn GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Fransson, Agneta Norwegian Polar Institute author García-Ibáñez, Maribel I. University of East Anglia (UEA) https://www.uea.ac.uk/ HTTPS University of East Anglia (UEA) website Institution web page information author Gehrung, Martina Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon author Glockzin, Michael Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR) http://www.ifm-geomar.de/index.php?id=home&L=1 HTTP Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author González-Dávila, Melchor Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) https://www.ulpgc.es/ HTTPS Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) website Institution web page information author Gutekunst, Sören GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) sgutekunst@geomar.de http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Hermes, Rudolf Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) author Humphreys, Matthew P. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) http://www.nioz.nl/ HTTP Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) website Institution web page information author Hunt, Christopher W. University of New Hampshire (UNH) author Ibánhez, J. Severino P. Trinity College Dublin author Jones, Steve D. University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information author Kitidis, Vassilis Plymouth Marine Laboratory vak@pml.ac.uk http://www.pml.ac.uk/ HTTP Plymouth Marine Laboratory website Institution web page information author Körtzinger, Arne GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Kosugi, Naohiro Meteorological Research Institute Japan (MRI) author Landa, Camilla S. University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information author Landschützer, Peter Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) http://www.vliz.be HTTP Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) website Institution web page information author Lefèvre, Nathalie Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Lo Monaco, Claire Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) author Luchetta, Anna National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS) http://ogs.trieste.it/en/content/institute HTTP National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS) website Institution web page information author Lutz, Vivian A. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Argentina author Macovei, Vlad A. Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon author Manke, Ansley B. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Merlivat, Liliane Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Millero, Frank J. University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) http://www.rsmas.miami.edu HTTP University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) website Institution web page information author Monacci, Natalie M. University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) https://www.uaf.edu/ HTTPS University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) website Institution web page information author Negri, Rubén M. Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas de Vigo (IIM) https://www.iim.csic.es/ HTTPS Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas de Vigo (IIM) website Institution web page information author Newberger, Tim University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Tim.Newberger@noaa.gov https://cires.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) website Institution web page information author Newton, Jan University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) http://www.apl.washington.edu/ HTTP University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) website Institution web page information author Nickford, Sarah E. University of Washington. Seattle, United States author Nojiri, Yukihiro National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) author Ohman, Mark D. Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) https://scripps.ucsd.edu/ HTTPS Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) website Institution web page information author Ólafsdóttir, Sólveig Rósa Icelandic Marine Research Institute (MRI) https://www.hafogvatn.is/ HTTPS Icelandic Marine Research Institute (MRI) website Institution web page information author Sweeney, Colm NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) website Institution web page information author Ono, Tsuneo JFRA, Fisheries Resource Institute (FRI) author Palter, Jaime B. University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography (GSO) jpalter@uri.edu author Papakyriakou, Tim University of Manitoba https://umanitoba.ca/ HTTPS University of Manitoba website Institution web page information author Peterson, William T. NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center Newport Research Station bill.peterson@noaa.gov author Plueddemann, Albert J. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) http://www.whoi.edu HTTP Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) website Institution web page information author Qi, Di State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography qidi@tio.org.cn author Rehder, Gregor Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) https://www.io-warnemuende.de/ HTTPS Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) website Institution web page information author Ritschel, Markus University of Hamburg, Germany author Rutgersson, Anna Uppsala University http://www.uu.se/en HTTP Uppsala University website Institution web page information author Sabine, Christopher L. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Salisbury, Joseph E. University of New Hampshire (UNH) author Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) https://www.ulpgc.es/ HTTPS Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) website Institution web page information author Schlitzer, Reiner Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Send, Uwe Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) https://scripps.ucsd.edu/ HTTPS Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) website Institution web page information author Skjelvan, Ingunn NORCE Norwegian Research Centre https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information author Smith, Karl NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Sparnocchia, Stefania Institute of Marine Sciences, Trieste, Italy author Sullivan, Kevin F. Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) Kevin.Sullivan@noaa.gov https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Sutherland, Stewart C. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) suth@ldeo.columbia.edu http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information author Szuts, Zoltan B. University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information author Tadokoro, Kazuaki Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory author Tanhua, Toste GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Telszewski, Maciej International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, IOCCP author Theetaert, Hannelore Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) http://www.vliz.be HTTP Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) website Institution web page information author Vandemark, Douglas University of New Hampshire (UNH) doug.vandemark@unh.edu author Voynova, Yoana G. Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon author Wada, Chisato National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) wada.chisato@nies.go.jp author Weller, Robert A. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) http://www.whoi.edu HTTP Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) website Institution web page information author Woosley, Ryan J. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) http://www.mit.edu/ HTTP Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) website Institution web page information author Marine Institute Ireland (MI) https://www.marine.ie/ HTTPS Marine Institute Ireland (MI) website Institution web page information contributor University of Colorado Boulder https://www.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder website Institution web page information contributor GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information contributor Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) http://www.vliz.be HTTP Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) website Institution web page information contributor Sorbonne University (SU) http://www.sorbonne-universite.fr/en HTTP Sorbonne University (SU) website Institution web page information contributor NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information contributor National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) contributor University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information contributor University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences contributor University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) http://www.rsmas.miami.edu HTTP University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) website Institution web page information contributor Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) contributor Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) https://www.smhi.se/ HTTPS Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) website Institution web page information contributor NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information contributor tableDigital This dataset consists of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Version 2021 (SOCATv2021) data product files. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) documents the increase in surface ocean CO2 (carbon dioxide), a critical measure as the oceans are taking up one quarter of the global CO2 emissions from human activity. SOCAT version 2021 has 30.6 million quality-controlled surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of CO2) observations with an estimated accuracy of better than 5 μatm and a WOCE flag of 2 (good) from 1957 to 2020 for the global oceans and coastal seas. In addition, 2.1 million values with an estimated accuracy of 5 to 10 μatm are available. During quality control, marine scientists assign a flag to each data set, as well as WOCE flags of 2 (good), 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) to individual fCO2 values. Data sets are assigned flags of A and B for an estimated accuracy of better than 2 μatm, flags of C and D for an accuracy of better than 5 μatm and a flag of E for an accuracy of better than 10 μatm. Bakker et al. (2016) describe the quality control criteria used in SOCAT versions 3 to 2021. Quality control comments for individual data sets can be accessed via the SOCAT Data Set Viewer (www.socat.info). All data sets, where data quality has been deemed acceptable, have been made public. The main SOCAT synthesis files and the gridded products contain all data sets with an estimated accuracy of better than 5 µatm (data set flags of A to D) and fCO2 values with a WOCE flag of 2. Access to data sets with an estimated accuracy of 5 to 10 (flag of E) and fCO2 values with flags of 3 and 4 is via additional data products and the Data Set Viewer (Table 8 in Bakker et al., 2016). SOCAT publishes a global gridded product with a 1° longitude by 1° latitude resolution. A second product with a higher resolution of 0.25° longitude by 0.25° latitude is available for the coastal seas. The gridded products contain all data sets with an estimated accuracy of better than 5 µatm (data set flags of A to D) and fCO2 values with a WOCE flag of 2. Gridded products are available monthly, per year and per decade. Two powerful, interactive, online viewers, the Data Set Viewer and the Gridded Data Viewer (www.socat.info), enable investigation of the SOCAT synthesis and gridded data products. SOCAT data products can be downloaded. Matlab code is available for reading these files. Ocean Data View also provides access to the SOCAT data products (www.socat.info). SOCAT data products are discoverable, accessible and citable. The SOCAT Data Use Statement asks users to generously acknowledge the contribution of SOCAT scientists by invitation to co-authorship, especially for data providers in regional studies, and/or reference to relevant scientific articles. The SOCAT website (www.socat.info) provides a single access point for online viewers, downloadable data sets, the Data Use Statement, a list of contributors and an overview of scientific publications on and using SOCAT. Automation of data upload and initial data checks allows annual releases of SOCAT from version 4 onwards. SOCAT-based data products are used for quantification of the ocean carbon sink, to estimate ocean acidification, for evaluation of biogeochemical sensor data and to evaluate climate models (CMIP). Since 2013 SOCAT products inform the annual Global Carbon Budget. The annual SOCAT releases are made by the SOCAT scientific community as a Voluntary Commitment for United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14.3 (Reduce Ocean Acidification) (#OceanAction20464). More broadly the SOCAT releases contribute to UN SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 14 (Life Below Water), and to the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. Hundreds of peer-reviewed scientific publications and high-impact reports cite SOCAT. The SOCAT community-led synthesis product is a key step in the value chain based on in situ inorganic carbon measurements of the oceans, which provides policy makers with essential information on ocean CO2 uptake in climate negotiations. The global need for accurate knowledge of ocean CO2 uptake and its variation (including ocean acidification) makes sustained funding for in situ surface ocean CO2 observations imperative. To provide the synthesis and gridded, quality controlled, observational products of surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) for the global oceans and coastal seas Funding Information: Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division of NOAA's Climate Program Office, EU, NSF, Japan Climate Research Programs (Surface Water pCO2 measurements from ships; High-Resolution Ocean and Atmosphere pCO2 Time-Series Measurements) completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded NCEI Accession 0235360 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0235360 Preview graphic PNG 0235360 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2021-06-03 publication BAROMETRIC PRESSURE partial pressure of carbon dioxide - water SALINITY - SURFACE WATER WATER TEMPERATURE theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS barometric pressure sensor bubble type equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer salinometer showerhead equilibrator temperature sensor instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS chemical meteorological physical surface underway theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Flanders Marine Institute GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Marine Institute Ireland National Institute for Environmental Studies NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Sorbonne University Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute University of Colorado Boulder University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Ship of Opportunity Programme (SOOP) Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) project NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS Arctic Ocean Indian Ocean North Atlantic Ocean North Pacific Ocean South Atlantic Ocean South Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication BE/VLIZ > Flanders Marine Institute, Belgium DE/GEOMAR > GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany DOC/NOAA/OAR/AOML > Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, OAR, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce DOC/NOAA/OAR/PMEL > Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, OAR, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce IE/MARINE > Marine Institute, Ireland JP/NIES > National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan U-BERGEN/GEOPH > Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen U-MIAMI/RSMAS > Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS) Project project Ocean Acidification Search Keywords Coastal Carbon Project Moorings and Time Series project SOOP project Reference Section ID Coastal Carbon Project Moorings and Time Series Project Ship Of Opportunity Program (SOOP) project Research Projects EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE EARTH SCIENCE > CLIMATE INDICATORS > ATMOSPHERIC/OCEAN INDICATORS > SURFACE SALINITY EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > CARBON DIOXIDE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > WATER TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > SALINITY theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Data synthesis product Surface measurement theme OCADS Study Type SOCAT SOCATv2021 Data Synthesis Product SOCATv2021 database SOCATv2021 gridded data product theme Provider Keywords ATM_PPRE EQ_PRE EQ_TMP SSS SST fCO2 theme Provider Variable Abbreviations BAROMETERS > BAROMETERS CO2 ANALYZERS > CO2 ANALYZERS EQUILIBRATORS SALINOMETERS TEMPERATURE SENSORS > TEMPERATURE SENSORS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian OCEAN > ARCTIC OCEAN OCEAN > ATLANTIC OCEAN > NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN > ATLANTIC OCEAN > SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN > INDIAN OCEAN OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN OCEAN > SOUTHERN OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean place Provider Geographic Names accessLevel: Public otherRestrictions Cite as: Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Alin, Simone R.; Castaño-Primo, Rocío; Cronin, Margot; Gkritzalis, Thanos; Kozyr, Alex; Lauvset, Siv K.; Metzl, Nicolas; Munro, David R.; Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro; O'Brien, Kevin M.; Olsen, Are; Omar, Abdirahman M.; Pfeil, Benjamin; Pierrot, Denis; Rodriguez, Carmen; Steinhoff, Tobias; Sutton, Adrienne J.; Tilbrook, Bronte; Wanninkhof, Rik; Willstrand Wranne, Anna; Ahmed, Mohamed; Andersson, Andreas; Apelthun, Lise B.; Bates, Nicholas; Battisti, Roman; Beaumont, Laurence; Becker, Meike; Benoit-Cattin, Alice; Berghoff, Carla F.; Boutin, Jacqueline; Burger, Eugene F.; Burgers, Tonya M.; Cantoni, Carolina; Cattrijsse, André; Chierici, Melissa; Cross, Jessica N.; Coppola, Laurent; Cosca, Catherine E.; Currie, Kim I.; De Carlo, Eric H.; Else, Brent; Enright, Matt P.; Ericson, Ylva; Evans, Wiley; Feely, Richard A.; Fiedler, Björn; Fransson, Agneta; García-Ibáñez, Maribel I.; Gehrung, Martina; Glockzin, Michael; González-Dávila, Melchor; Gutekunst, Sören; Hermes, Rudolf; Humphreys, Matthew P.; Hunt, Christopher W.; Ibánhez, J. Severino P.; Jones, Steve D.; Kitidis, Vassilis; Körtzinger, Arne; Kosugi, Naohiro; Landa, Camilla S.; Landschützer, Peter; Lefèvre, Nathalie; Lo Monaco, Claire; Luchetta, Anna; Lutz, Vivian A.; Macovei, Vlad A.; Manke, Ansley B.; Merlivat, Liliane; Millero, Frank J.; Monacci, Natalie M.; Negri, Rubén M.; Newberger, Tim; Newton, Jan; Nickford, Sarah E.; Nojiri, Yukihiro; Ohman, Mark D.; Ólafsdóttir, Sólveig Rósa; Sweeney, Colm; Ono, Tsuneo; Palter, Jaime B.; Papakyriakou, Tim; Peterson, William T.; Plueddemann, Albert J.; Qi, Di; Rehder, Gregor; Ritschel, Markus; Rutgersson, Anna; Sabine, Christopher L.; Salisbury, Joseph E.; Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena; Schlitzer, Reiner; Send, Uwe; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Smith, Karl; Sparnocchia, Stefania; Sullivan, Kevin F.; Sutherland, Stewart C.; Szuts, Zoltan B.; Tadokoro, Kazuaki; Tanhua, Toste; Telszewski, Maciej; Theetaert, Hannelore; Vandemark, Douglas; Voynova, Yoana G.; Wada, Chisato; Weller, Robert A.; Woosley, Ryan J. (2021). Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database Version 2021 (SOCATv2021) (NCEI Accession 0235360). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/yg69-jd96. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. license This dataset is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. SPDX License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O’Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S. D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., … Xu, S. (2016). A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT). Earth System Science Data, 8(2), 383–413. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016 2016-09-15 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016 related journal article information Bakker, Dorothee C. E. University of East Anglia author Pfeil, Benjamin author Landa, Camilla S. author Metzl, Nicolas author O'Brien, Kevin M. author Olsen, Are University of Bergen author Smith, Karl author Cosca, Cathy author Harasawa, Sumiko author Jones, Stephen D. VLIZ author Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro National Institute for Environmental Studies author Nojiri, Yukihiro author Schuster, Ute author Steinhoff, Tobias GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Sweeney, Colm NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) website Institution web page information author Takahashi, Taro author Tilbrook, Bronte CSIRO author Wada, Chisato author Wanninkhof, Rik author Alin, Simone R. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration author Balestrini, Carlos F. author Barbero, Leticia University of Miami http://www.miami.edu/ HTTP University of Miami (UM) website Institution web page information author Bates, Nicholas R. author Bianchi, Alejandro A. author Bonou, Frédéric author Boutin, Jacqueline CNRS Délégation Paris B https://www.cnrs.fr/ HTTPS French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) website Institution web page information author Bozec, Yann author Burger, Eugene F. author Cai, Wei-Jun University of Delaware http://www.udel.edu/ HTTP University of Delaware website Institution web page information author Castle, Robert D. author Chen, Liqi author Chierici, Melissa author Currie, Kim author Evans, Wiley author Featherstone, Charles author Feely, Richard A. author Fransson, Agneta author Goyet, Catherine author Greenwood, Naomi Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science https://www.cefas.co.uk/ HTTPS Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) website Institution web page information author Gregor, Luke Swiss Data Science Center author Hankin, Steven author Hardman-Mountford, Nick J. author Harlay, Jérôme author Hauck, Judith Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Hoppema, Mario Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Humphreys, Matthew P. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research http://www.nioz.nl/ HTTP Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) website Institution web page information author Hunt, Christopher W. author Huss, Betty author Ibánhez, J. Severino P. author Johannessen, Truls University of Bergen author Keeling, Ralph University of California, San Diego author Kitidis, Vassilis author Körtzinger, Arne GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Kozyr, Alex author Krasakopoulou, Evangelia author Kuwata, Akira author Landschützer, Peter Flanders Marine Institute author Lauvset, Siv K. author Lefèvre, Nathalie author Lo Monaco, Claire author Manke, Ansley author Mathis, Jeremy T. author Merlivat, Liliane author Millero, Frank J. author Monteiro, Pedro M. S. author Munro, David R. University of Colorado Boulder https://www.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder website Institution web page information author Murata, Akihiko author Newberger, Timothy author Omar, Abdirahman M. author Ono, Tsuneo Fisheries Resources Institute / Fisheries Research Agency author Paterson, Kristina author Pearce, David author Pierrot, Denis Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Robbins, Lisa L. author Saito, Shu author Salisbury, Joe author Schlitzer, Reiner author Schneider, Bernd author Schweitzer, Roland author Sieger, Rainer Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Skjelvan, Ingunn author Sullivan, Kevin F. author Sutherland, Stewart C. author Sutton, Adrienne J. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory author Tadokoro, Kazuaki author Telszewski, Maciej author Tuma, Matthias author van Heuven, Steven M. A. C. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar und Meeresforschung https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Vandemark, Doug author Ward, Brian author Watson, Andrew J. University of Exeter http://www.exeter.ac.uk/ HTTP University of Exeter website Institution web page information author Xu, Suqing author Copernicus GmbH publisher documentDigital Earth Syst. Sci. Data 8(2) ISSN 1866-3516, pp. 383-413 crossReference project SOCAT publication https://www.socat.info/ HTTPS https://www.socat.info/ Related resource information documentDigital crossReference project NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022). Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system 2022-04 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system OCADS website information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital [accessed 2024-02-08] crossReference program Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Alin, Simone R.; Aramaki, Takafumi; Barbero, Leticia; Bates, Nicholas; Gkritzalis, Thanos; Jones, Steve D.; Kozyr, Alex; Lauvset, Siv K.; Macovei, Vlad A.; Metzl, Nicolas; Munro, David R.; Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro; O'Brien, Kevin M.; Olsen, Are; Pierrot, Denis; Steinhoff, Tobias; Sullivan, Kevin F.; Sutton, Adrienne J.; Sweeney, Colm; Wada, Chisato; Wanninkhof, Rik; Akl, John; Arbilla, Lisandro A.; Azetsu-Scott, Kumiko; Battisti, Roman; Beatty, Cory M.; Becker, Meike; Benoit-Cattin, Alice; Berghoff, Carla F.; Bittig, Henry C.; Bonin, Jennifer A.; Bott, Randy; Bozzano, Roberto; Burger, Eugene F.; Brunetti, Fabio; Cantoni, Carolina; Castelli, Giuliano; Chambers, Don P.; Chierici, Melissa; Corbo, Andrea; Cronin, Margot; Cross, Jessica N.; Currie, Kim I.; Dentico, Carlotta; Emerson, Steven R.; Enochs, Ian C.; Enright, Matt P.; Enyo, Kazutaka; Ericson, Ylva; Evans, Wiley; Fay, Amanda R.; Feely, Richard A.; Fragiacomo, Elena; Fransson, Agneta; Gehrung, Martina; Giani, Michele; Glockzin, Michael; Hamnca, Siyabulela; Holodkov, Nikola; Hoppema, Mario; Ibánhez, J. Severino P.; Kadono, Koji; Kamb, Linus; Kralj, Martina; Kristensen, Torstein; Laudicella, V. Alessandro; Lefèvre, Nathalie; Leseurre, Coraline; Lo Monaco, Claire; Maenner Jones, Stacy; Maenza, Reinaldo A.; McAuliffe, Anna M.; Mdokwana, Baxolele; Monacci, Natalie M.; Musielewicz, Sylvia; Neill, Craig; Newberger, Tim; Nojiri, Yukihiro; Ohman, Mark D.; Ólafsdóttir, Sólveig Rósa; Olivier, Léa; Omar, Abdirahman M.; Osborne, John; Pensieri, Sara; Petersen, Wilhelm; Plueddemann, Albert J.; Rehder, Gregor; Roden, Nicholas P.; Rutgersson, Anna; Sallée, Jean-Baptiste; Sanders, Richard; Sarpe, Dirk; Schirnick, Carsten; Schlitzer, Reiner; Send, Uwe; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Sutherland, Stewart C.; T'Jampens, Michiel; Tamsitt, Veronica; Telszewski, Maciej; Theetaert, Hannelore; Tilbrook, Bronte; Trull, Tom; Tsanwani, Mutshutshu; van de Velde, Sebastiaan; van Heuven, Steven M. A. C.; Veccia, Martín H.; Voynova, Yoana G.; Weller, Robert A.; Williams, Nancy L. (2025). Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database Version 2025 (SOCATv2025) (NCEI Accession 0304549). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/648f-fv35. 2025-05-30 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.25921/648f-fv35 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0304549 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0304549.html HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0304549.html Related dataset information Bakker, Dorothee C. E. University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences author Alin, Simone R. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) author Aramaki, Takafumi National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) author Barbero, Leticia NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) http://www.miami.edu/ HTTP website Institution web page information author Bates, Nicholas Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), St. Georges, Bermuda Nick.Bates@bios.edu author Gkritzalis, Thanos VLIZ Flanders Marine Institute, Ostend, Belgium author Jones, Steve D. VLIZ Flanders Marine Institute, Ostend, Belgium author Kozyr, Alex Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System, National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Silver Spring, MD, USA author Lauvset, Siv K. NORCE Norwegian Research Centre https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information author Macovei, Vlad A. Hereon Helmholtz Centre, Germany author Metzl, Nicolas Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Paris, France author Munro, David R. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA author Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) author O'Brien, Kevin M. University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES), Seattle, WA, USA author Olsen, Are Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Pierrot, Denis NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Miami, FL, USA author Steinhoff, Tobias GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Sullivan, Kevin F. Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA Kevin.Sullivan@noaa.gov author Sutton, Adrienne J. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) author Sweeney, Colm NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS website Institution web page information author Wada, Chisato National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) wada.chisato@nies.go.jp author Wanninkhof, Rik Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Atmospheric and Oceanographic Administration, Miami, FL 33149, USA author Akl, John Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) author Arbilla, Lisandro A. author Azetsu-Scott, Kumiko Ocean and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, N.S. Canada author Battisti, Roman NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) roman.battisti@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS website Institution web page information author Beatty, Cory M. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA Cory.Beatty@umontana.edu author Becker, Meike Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information author Benoit-Cattin, Alice Icelandic Marine Research Institute (MRI) alice.benoit-cattin@hafogvatn.is author Berghoff, Carla F. Argentina National Institute for Fishery Research and Development (INIDEP) cberghoff@inidep.edu.ar https://www.argentina.gob.ar/inidep HTTPS Argentina National Institute for Fishery Research and Development (INIDEP) website Institution web page information author Bittig, Henry C. Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW) https://www.io-warnemuende.de/ HTTPS Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) website Institution web page information author Bonin, Jennifer A. University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, FL, USA author Bott, Randy Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA author Bozzano, Roberto Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy author Burger, Eugene F. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) author Brunetti, Fabio Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale - Borgo Grotta Gigante, Italy author Cantoni, Carolina Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Piazzale Aldo Moro, Roma, Italy author Castelli, Giuliano Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy author Chambers, Don P. University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, FL, USA author Chierici, Melissa Institute of Marine Research, Oceanography and Climate, Fram Centre, Department of Arctic Geophysics, Tromsø, Norway author Corbo, Andrea Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Sgonico - Italy author Cronin, Margot Marine Institute Ireland (MI) author Cross, Jessica N. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) author Currie, Kim I. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA) kim.currie@niwa.co.nz http://www.niwa.cri.nz HTTP website Institution web page information author Dentico, Carlotta Ca' Foscari University Dorsoduro, Venice, Italy author Emerson, Steven R. University of Washington School of Oceanography, Seattle, WA, USA author Enochs, Ian C. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Atmospheric and Oceanographic Administration, Miami, FL, USA author Enright, Matt P. Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) http://www.bios.edu HTTP website Institution web page information author Enyo, Kazutaka Global Environment and Marine Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, Nagasaki, Japan author Ericson, Ylva Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway (formerly) author Evans, Wiley Hakai Institute, British Columbia, Canada author Fay, Amanda R. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA author Feely, Richard A. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS website Institution web page information author Fragiacomo, Elena Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy author Fransson, Agneta Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway author Gehrung, Martina Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany author Giani, Michele Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale - OGS, Sgonico, Italy author Glockzin, Michael Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW) https://www.io-warnemuende.de/ HTTPS Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) website Institution web page information author Hamnca, Siyabulela Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observatory, CSIR, South Africa shamnca@csir.co.za author Holodkov, Nikola Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale - OGS, Sgonico, Italy author Hoppema, Mario Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS website Institution web page information author Ibánhez, J. Severino P. Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Vigo, Spain author Kadono, Koji Atmosphere and Ocean Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan author Kamb, Linus NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) author Kralj, Martina Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Sgonico, Italy author Kristensen, Torstein University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information author Laudicella, V. Alessandro Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Sgonico, Italy author Lefèvre, Nathalie Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Leseurre, Coraline VLIZ Flanders Marine Institute, Jacobsenstraat, Ostend, Belgium author Lo Monaco, Claire Sorbonne Universités (UPMC, Univ Paris 06), CNRS, IRD, MNHN, LOCEAN Laboratory, Paris, France author Maenner Jones, Stacy NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) stacy.maenner@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS website Institution web page information author Maenza, Reinaldo A. Argentina National Institute for Fishery Research and Development (INIDEP) https://www.argentina.gob.ar/inidep HTTPS Argentina National Institute for Fishery Research and Development (INIDEP) website Institution web page information author McAuliffe, Anna M. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), Boulder, Colorado, USA author Mdokwana, Baxolele Oceans and Coastal Research, Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (DFFE), Cape Town, South Africa author Monacci, Natalie M. School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA author Musielewicz, Sylvia NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) sylvia.musielewicz@noaa.gov https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS website Institution web page information author Neill, Craig Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) author Newberger, Tim Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Earth System Research Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado, USA Tim.Newberger@noaa.gov author Nojiri, Yukihiro National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) author Ohman, Mark D. Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA author Ólafsdóttir, Sólveig Rósa Icelandic Marine Research Institute (MRI) https://www.hafogvatn.is/ HTTPS Icelandic Marine Research Institute (MRI) website Institution web page information author Olivier, Léa Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) author Omar, Abdirahman M. NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway author Osborne, John Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA author Pensieri, Sara Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy author Petersen, Wilhelm Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany author Plueddemann, Albert J. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA, USA author Rehder, Gregor Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW) https://www.io-warnemuende.de/ HTTPS Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) website Institution web page information author Roden, Nicholas P. Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Bergen, Norway author Rutgersson, Anna Uppsala University http://www.uu.se/en HTTP Uppsala University website Institution web page information author Sallée, Jean-Baptiste Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) https://www.locean.ipsl.fr/ HTTPS Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) website Institution web page information author Sanders, Richard NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway author Sarpe, Dirk GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Schirnick, Carsten GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Schlitzer, Reiner Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) author Send, Uwe Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA author Skjelvan, Ingunn NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway author Sutherland, Stewart C. Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA suth@ldeo.columbia.edu author T'Jampens, Michiel Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) http://www.vliz.be HTTP Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) website Institution web page information author Tamsitt, Veronica Submarine Scientific LLC, San Francisco, California, USA author Telszewski, Maciej International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland author Theetaert, Hannelore Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) http://www.vliz.be HTTP Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) website Institution web page information author Tilbrook, Bronte CSIRO Environment, Castray Esplanade, Australian Antarctic Partnership Program, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia author Trull, Tom Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) tom.trull@csiro.au author Tsanwani, Mutshutshu Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, Cape Town, South Afric author van de Velde, Sebastiaan University of Otago, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Dunedin, New Zealand author van Heuven, Steven M. A. C. Faculty of Science and Engineering, Isotope Research, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands author Veccia, Martín H. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), Paseo Victoria Ocampo, Mar del Plata, Argentina author Voynova, Yoana G. Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany author Weller, Robert A. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA, USA author Williams, Nancy L. University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, FL, USA (formerly) author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher tableDigital crossReference project eng; USA utf8 environment oceans climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere -180 180 -90 90 1957-10-22 2021-01-05 In this accession, NCEI has archived multiple versions of these data. The latest (and best) version of these data has the largest version number. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. Originator data format 16865.956 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0235360.html HTTPS Web browser Project Metadata Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://doi.org/10.25921/yg69-jd96 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/235360 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/235360 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0179/0235360/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0235360 v1.1 was published. 2021-06-03T23:10:43Z NCEI Accession 0235360 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0235360/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0235360 v1.1 published 2021-06-03T23:10:43Z download NCEI Accession 0235360 was revised and v2.2 was published. Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2023-09-20T01:09:21Z NCEI Accession 0235360 v2.2 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0235360/2.2 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0235360 v2.2 published 2023-09-20T01:09:21Z download NCEI Accession 0235360 was revised and v2.3 was published. Additional metadata files were received or created for this dataset. These updates were copied into the about/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2025-06-25T20:40:28Z NCEI Accession 0235360 v2.3 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0235360/2.3 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0235360 v2.3 published 2025-06-25T20:40:28Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: pCO2 (fCO2) autonomous; Abbreviation: fCO2; Unit: uatm; Observation type: Surface underway; Measured or calculated: fCO2 recomputed from the raw data; Equilibrator type:; Equilibrator volume:; How was pressure inside the equilibrator measured:; SEA CO2 gas detector resolution: Accuracy: better than 5 uatm; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value; Researcher name: SOCAT Team Parameter or Variable: Sea Surface Salinity; Abbreviation: SSS; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT team Parameter or Variable: Sea Surface Temperature; Abbreviation: SST; Unit: Deg. C; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT Team Parameter or Variable: Atmospheric Pressure; Abbreviation: ATM_PPRE; Unit: DBAR; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT Team Parameter or Variable: Pressure at Equilibrator; Abbreviation: EQ_PRE; Unit: DBAR; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT Team Parameter or Variable: Water Temperature at Equilibrator; Abbreviation: EQ_TMP; Unit: Deg. C; Observation type: measured, data synthesis; Researcher name: SOCAT Team asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian barometric pressure sensor barometric pressure sensor instrument used to measure the atmospheric pressure. bubble type equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement bubble type equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement This type of equilibrators are often used on buoys. Developed by Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory and Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, the h-shaped bubble equilibrator does not require a water pump to spray water from the top. see Takahashi 1961 for more information. carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer measures gaseous carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide gas analyzer has often been referred to as LI-COR, because a lot of researchers choose to use products manufactured by LI-COR incorporation for their carbon dioxide measurement. The main component of a carbon dioxide analyzer is a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopic sensors to detect CO2 in a gaseous environment by its characteristic absorption. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator (insttypes_id 184) to measure carbon dioxide in the water. To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water. salinometer salinometer generic salinometer use salinometer when the instrument type used is unclear but the data include salinity measurements showerhead equilibrator showerhead equilibrator extracts dissolved CO2 from water A carbon dioxide equilibrator is usually in the shape of a vertical tube, with a showerhead on the top, some headspace, a lot of beads to increase the surface exchange area between water and air, a water seal device at the bottom to allow water to overflow, but prevents air exchange between inside and outside. Carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer (insttypes_id 183) to measure carbon dioxide in the water. To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water. temperature sensor temperature sensor A sensor used to measure temperature.