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          </gmd:type>
          <gmd:thesaurusName>
            <gmd:CI_Citation>
              <gmd:title>
                <gco:CharacterString>Ocean Acidification Search Keywords</gco:CharacterString>
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          </gmd:thesaurusName>
        </gmd:MD_Keywords>
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      <gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
        <gmd:MD_Keywords>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>GO-SHIP P03</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:type>
            <gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_KeywordTypeCode" codeListValue="project">project</gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode>
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          <gmd:thesaurusName>
            <gmd:CI_Citation>
              <gmd:title>
                <gco:CharacterString>Reference Section ID</gco:CharacterString>
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        </gmd:MD_Keywords>
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      <gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
        <gmd:MD_Keywords>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/e78ae4ce-807a-4417-ad6e-a458c6da6638" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; ATMOSPHERE &gt; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY &gt; HALOCARBONS AND HALOGENS &gt; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/38219b66-2acd-4f77-a0fc-8241172c9001" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; DISSOLVED GASES</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/6d8eb011-ffb5-4e18-ac59-2d8f84353734" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; HYDROCARBONS</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/d9b4f30d-bddd-4888-b66b-07d2dc09708b" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; INORGANIC CARBON</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/8dd7c9f0-51d0-4037-b1d0-a2517c1770ad" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; NUTRIENTS</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/4433600b-f323-458a-b295-352f939aab6b" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; PH</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/46206e8c-8def-406f-9e62-da4e74633a58" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN TEMPERATURE &gt; WATER TEMPERATURE</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/7e95b5fc-1d58-431a-af36-948b29fa870d" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; SALINITY/DENSITY &gt; SALINITY</gmx:Anchor>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:thesaurusName>
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              <gmd:title>
                <gco:CharacterString>OCADS Study Type</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>TCARBN</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/01cc0beb-7c9a-40ed-ad86-0661b41aee53" xlink:actuate="onRequest">CTD &gt; Conductivity, Temperature, Depth</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_KeywordTypeCode" codeListValue="instrument">instrument</gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode>
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          <gmd:thesaurusName>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gmd:CI_Date>
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                    <gco:Date>2026</gco:Date>
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                    <gco:CharacterString>These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP).</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: Dissolved Inorganic Carbon;
Abbreviation: TCARBN;
Unit: UMOL/KG;
Observation type: Discrete, bottle;
Measured or calculated: Measured;
Sampling instrument: Niskin Bottles;
Analyzing instrument: Measurements of DIC were made with two total CO2 measuring systems (systems- and -B; Nippon ANS, Inc.), which are slightly different from each other. The systems comprise of a seawater dispensing system, a CO2 extraction system and a coulometer (Model 5012, UIC Inc.).;
Detailed sampling and analyzing information: All seawater samples were collected from depths with 12 liter Niskin bottles basically at every other station. The seawater samples for C(T) were taken with a plastic drawing tube (PFA tubing connected to silicone rubber tubing) into a 300 ml borosilicate glass bottle. The glass bottle was filled with seawater smoothly from the bottom following a rinse with a seawater of 2 full bottle volumes. The glass bottle was closed by a stopper, which was fitted to the bottle mouth gravimetrically without additional force. At a chemical laboratory on the ship, a headspace of approximately 1% of the bottle volume was made by removing seawater with a plastic pipette. A saturated mercuric chloride of 100 μl was added to poison seawater samples. The glass bottles were sealed with a greased (Apiezon M, M and Materials Ltd) ground glass stopper and the clips were secured. The seawater samples were kept at 4°C in a refrigerator until analysis. A few hours just before analysis, the seawater samples were kept at 20°C in a water bath.;
CRM manufacturer: Andrew Dickson Laboratory at SIO;
CRM batch number: The certified values of C(T) for batches 69 and 72 are 1907.63 and 2091.61 μmol kg^-1, respecticely. During the Leg. 2, the pipette of system-B was replaced.;
Preservation method: mercuric chloride solution;
Uncertainty: accuracy estimated at 2.0umol/kg;
Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value;
Method reference: Johnson, K. M., A. G. Dickson, G. Eischeid, C. Goyet, P. Guenther, R. M. Key, F. J. Millero, D. Purkerson, C. L. Sabine, R. G. Schottle, D. W. R. Wallace, R. J. Wilke and C. D. Winn (1998), Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: assessment of the quality of total inorganic carbon measurements made during the US Indian Ocean CO2 survey 1994-1996, Mar. Chem., 63, 21-37.;
Researcher name: Akihiko Murata;
Researcher institution: JAMSTEC</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: Total alkalinity;
Abbreviation: ALKALI;
Unit: UMOL/KG;
Observation type: Discrete, bottle;
Measured or calculated: Measured;
Sampling instrument: Niskin Bottles;
Curve fitting method: Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least-squares fit of full titration;
Detailed sampling and analyzing information: The measuring system for A(T) (customized by Nippon ANS, Inc.) comprises of a water dispensing unit, an auto-burette (Metrohm), a pH meter (Thermo Orion) and an auto-sampler (6 ports). They are automatically controlled by a PC. Separate electrodes (Reference electrode: REF201, (Radiometer), Glass pH electrode: pHG201-7 (Radiometer)), or combined electrodes (ROSS 8102BN, Thermo Orion) were used. Seawater of approximately 40 ml is transferred from a sample bottle (borosilicate glass bottle; 130 ml) into a water-jacketed (25°C) pressurized by N2 gas and is introduced into a water-jacketed (25°C) titration cell. Next, a given volume of the titrant is injected into the titration cell. By this, pH of a seawater sample becomes 4.5 - 4.0. The seawater sample mixed with the titrant is stirred for three minutes with a stirring chip. Then a small volume of titrant (~0.1 ml) is injected until pH or e.m.f. reaches a given value. The concentration of the acid titrant is nominally 0.05 M HCl in 0.65 M NaCl. Calculation of A(T) is based on a modified Gran approach.;
CRM batch number: CRM, batches 69 and 72, certified value = 2114.42 and 2312.79 μmol kg^(-1), respectively;
Uncertainty: The average and standard deviation of absolute values of differences in A(T) analyzed consecutively were 2.1 and 1.9 μmol kg^(-1) (n = 123), 1.9 and 1.5 μmol kg^(-1) (n = 203) and 2.2 and 1.9 μmol kg^(-1) (n = 20) for Leg.1, 2 and 3, respectively. To evaluate the accuracy of measured A(T), we compared vertical profiles of A(T) measured in MR05-05 with A(T) calculated from C(T) and pH measured in MR05-05, and with A(T) measured at a station of other WOCE lines crossing the P3 line. Results for cross station with the WOCE P16 line along 153°W are shown in Figure. 3.6.2. From this figure, it is found that A(T) measured in this cruise were sufficiently accurate. Together with other comparisons, we estimated the accuracy to be 3 - 2 μmol kg^(-1).;
Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value;
Researcher name: Akihiko Murata;
Researcher institution: JAMSTEC</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: pH;
Abbreviation: PH_TOT;
pH scale: Total;
Observation type: Discrete, bottle;
Measured or calculated: Measured;
Sampling instrument: Niskin Bottles;
Analyzing instrument: spectrophotometry (pH);
Temperature of pH measurement: 25 Deg C;
Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Measurement of pH was made by a pH measuring system (Nippon ANS, Inc.), which Adopts spectrophotometry. The system comprises of a water dispensing unit and a spectrophotometer (Carry 50 Scan, Varian). Seawater is transferred from borosilicate glass bottle (300 ml) to a sample cell in the spectrophotometer. The length and volume of the cell are 8 cm and 13 ml, respectively, and the sample cell was kept at 25.00 +/- 0.05C in a thermostated compartment. First, absorbance of seawater only is measured at three wavelengths (730, 578 and 434 nm). Then an indicator is injected and circulated for about 4 minutes to mix with seawater sufficiently. After the pump is stopped, the absorbance of seawater + indicator is measured at the same wavelengths.;
At what temperature was pH reported: at 25C;
Uncertainty: The average and standard deviation of absolute values of differences of pH analyzed consecutively were 0.0007 and 0.0012 pH unit (n = 163), 0.0007 and 0.0006 pH unit (n = 255), and 0.0009 and 0.0009 (n = 36) for Leg.1, 2 and 3, respectively.;
Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value;
Method reference: Clayton, T.D., and R.H. Byrne, 1993: Spectrophotometric seawater pH measurements: Total hydrogen ion concentration scale calibration of m-cresol purple and at-sea results. Deep-Sea Res., 40, 2315-2329.;
Researcher name: Akihiko Murata;
Researcher institution: JAMSTEC</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: CTD Temperature;
Abbreviation: CTDTMP;
Unit: degrees celcius;
Observation type: CTD sensor;
Sampling instrument: CTD;
Analyzing instrument: CTD;
Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value;
Researcher name: Shuichi Watanabe;
Researcher institution: JAMSTEC</gco:CharacterString>
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            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: CTD Salinity;
Abbreviation: CTDSAL;
Observation type: CTD sensor;
Sampling instrument: CTD;
Analyzing instrument: CTD;
Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value;
Researcher name: Shuichi Watanabe;
Researcher institution: JAMSTEC</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: Bottle Salinity;
Abbreviation: SALNTY;
Observation type: Bottle, discrete;
Sampling instrument: CTD;
Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value;
Researcher name: T. Kawano;
Researcher institution: JAMSTEC</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: CTD Oxygen;
Abbreviation: CTDOXY;
Unit: UMOL/KG;
Observation type: CTD sensor;
Sampling instrument: CTD;
Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value;
Researcher name: Shuichi Watanabe;
Researcher institution: JAMSTEC</gco:CharacterString>
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            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: Bottle Oxygen;
Abbreviation: OXYGEN;
Unit: UMOL/KG;
Observation type: Bottle, discrete;
Sampling instrument: CTD;
Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value;
Researcher name: Y.Kumamoto;
Researcher institution: JAMSTEC</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: Nutrients;
Abbreviation: SILCAT, NITRAT, NITRIT PHSPHT;
Unit: UMOL/KG;
Observation type: Bottle, discrete;
Sampling instrument: CTD;
Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value;
Researcher name: M. Aoyama;
Researcher institution: JAMSTEC</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: Chlorofluorocarbons;
Abbreviation: CFCs/SF6;
Unit: PMOL/KG;
Observation type: Bottle, discrete;
Sampling instrument: CTD;
Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value</gco:CharacterString>
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            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: C14, C13;
Abbreviation: C14/C13;
Unit: /MILLE;
Observation type: Bottle, discrete;
Sampling instrument: CTD;
Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:CharacterString>carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>measures gaseous carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide gas analyzer has often been referred to as LI-COR, because a lot of researchers choose to use products manufactured by LI-COR incorporation for their carbon dioxide measurement. The main component of a carbon dioxide analyzer is a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopic sensors to detect CO2 in a gaseous environment by its characteristic absorption.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator (insttypes_id 184) to measure carbon dioxide in the water.

To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water.</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:CharacterString>CTD</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>CTD</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Conductivity-Temperature-Depth probe</gco:CharacterString>
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      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument id="inst_be3d">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>Niskin bottle</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>Niskin bottle</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>Device for obtaining samples of seawater at a specific depth

Why special entry for Niskin bottle but no entry for Nansen bottle?</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument id="inst_be28">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>titrator</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>titrator</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>titrator</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:platform>
        <gmi:MI_Platform id="plat_98e8">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>R/V MIRAI</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>R/V, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC); built 1972 as Mutsu; renamed on 2 Dec 1996; active as Mar 2007;</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
          <gmi:instrument gco:nilReason="missing" />
        </gmi:MI_Platform>
      </gmi:platform>
    </gmi:MI_AcquisitionInformation>
  </gmi:acquisitionInformation>
</gmi:MI_Metadata>