gov.noaa.nodc:NCEI-WOA18 eng utf8 series NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-03-19T14:35:49Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) World Ocean Atlas 2018 2018-10-15 publication 2019-08-28 revision 2018-09-20 creation NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:NCEI-WOA18 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Tim P. Boyer NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) resourceProvider NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) resourceProvider Boyer, Tim P. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author García, Hernán E. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information hernan.garcia@noaa.gov author Locarnini, Ricardo A. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ricardo.locarnini@noaa.gov author Zweng, Melissa M. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author Mishonov, Alexey V. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author Reagan, James R. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author Weathers, Katharine A. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information katharine.weathers@noaa.gov author Baranova, Olga K. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Olga.Baranova@noaa.gov author Paver, Christopher R. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Olga.Baranova@noaa.gov author Seidov, Dan NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author Smolyar, Igor V. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author James Reagan NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) pointOfContact tableDigital World Ocean Atlas 2018 (WOA18) is a set of objectively analyzed (one degree grid and quarter degree grid) climatological fields of in situ temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization (AOU), percent oxygen saturation, phosphate, silicate, and nitrate at standard depth levels for annual, seasonal, and monthly compositing periods for the World Ocean. Quarter degree fields are for temperature and salinity only. It also includes associated statistical fields of observed oceanographic profile data interpolated to standard depth levels on quarter degree, one degree, and five degree grids. Temperature and salinity fields are available for six decades (1955-1964, 1965-1974, 1975-1984, 1985-1994, 1995-2004, and 2005-2017) an average of all decades representing the period 1955-2017, as well as a thirty year "climate normal" period 1981-2010. Oxygen fields (as well as AOU and percent oxygen saturation) are available using all quality controlled data 1960-2017, nutrient fields using all quality controlled data from the entire sampling period 1878-2017. This accession is a product generated by the National Centers for Environmental Information's (NCEI) Ocean Climate Laboratory Team. The analyses are derived from the NCEI World Ocean Database 2018. Oceanographic objective analyses have proven to be of great utility to the oceanographic, climate research, geophysical, and operational environmental forecasting communities. Such analyses are used as boundary and/or initial conditions in numerical ocean circulation models and atmosphere-ocean models, for verification of numerical simulations of the ocean, as a form of "sea truth" for satellite measurements such as altimetric observations of sea surface height, for computation of nutrient fluxes by Ekman transport, and for planning oceanographic expeditions among others. completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:NCEI-WOA18 Preview graphic PNG 0176314 0192181 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2019-07-31 publication ANALYSES - ANNUAL SUMMARIES ANALYSES - MONTHLY SUMMARIES ANALYSES - SEASONAL SUMMARIES DISSOLVED OXYGEN NITRATE OXYGEN - APPARENT UTILIZATION (AOU) OXYGEN - PERCENT SATURATION phosphate SALINITY silicate WATER TEMPERATURE theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS atlas chemical physical theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS World-Wide Distribution place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > NITRATE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > NUTRIENTS EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > OXYGEN EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > PHOSPHATE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > SILICATE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > WATER TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > SALINITY theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Oceans > Ocean Nutrients > Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients > Nitrate Oceans > Ocean Nutrients > Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients > Phosphate Oceans > Ocean Nutrients > Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients > Silicate Oceans > Ocean Oxygen > Dissolved Oxygen Oceans > Ocean Salinity Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature theme Originator Keywords GEOGRAPHIC REGION > GLOBAL OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian accessLevel: Public otherRestrictions Cite as: Boyer, Tim P.; García, Hernán E.; Locarnini, Ricardo A.; Zweng, Melissa M.; Mishonov, Alexey V.; Reagan, James R.; Weathers, Katharine A.; Baranova, Olga K.; Paver, Christopher R.; Seidov, Dan; Smolyar, Igor V. (2018). World Ocean Atlas 2018. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/NCEI-WOA18. Accessed [date]. When using temperature, please also cite: Locarnini, R. A., A. V. Mishonov, O. K. Baranova, T. P. Boyer, M. M. Zweng, H. E. García, J. R. Reagan, D. Seidov, K. Weathers, C. R. Paver, and I. Smolyar, 2019. World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 1: Temperature. A. Mishonov Technical Ed.; NOAA Atlas NESDIS 81, 52 pp. https://doi.org/10.25923/e5rn-9711 When using salinity, please also cite: Zweng, M. M., J. R. Reagan, D. Seidov, T. P. Boyer, R. A. Locarnini, H. E. García, A. V. Mishonov, O. K. Baranova, K. Weathers, C. R. Paver, and I. Smolyar, 2019. World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 2: Salinity. A. Mishonov Technical Ed.; NOAA Atlas NESDIS 82, 50 pp. https://doi.org/10.25923/9pgv-1224 When using oxygen, please also cite: García, H. E., K. Weathers, C. R. Paver, I. Smolyar, T. P. Boyer, R. A. Locarnini, M. M. Zweng, A. V. Mishonov, O. K. Baranova, D. Seidov, and J. R. Reagan, 2019. World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 3: Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Oxygen Saturation. A. Mishonov Technical Ed.; NOAA Atlas NESDIS 83, 38 pp. https://doi.org/10.25923/qspr-pn52 When using nutrients, please also cite: García, H. E., K. Weathers, C. R. Paver, I. Smolyar, T. P. Boyer, R. A. Locarnini, M. M. Zweng, A. V. Mishonov, O. K. Baranova, D. Seidov, and J. R. Reagan, 2019. World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 4: Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate and nitrate+nitrite, silicate). A. Mishonov Technical Ed.; NOAA Atlas NESDIS 84, 35 pp. https://doi.org/10.25923/ng6j-ey81 When using density, please also cite: Locarnini, R.A., T.P. Boyer, A.V. Mishonov, J.R. Reagan, M.M. Zweng, O.K. Baranova, H.E. García, D. Seidov, K.W. Weathers, C.R. Paver, and I.V. Smolyar (2019). World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 5: Density. A. Mishonov, Technical Editor. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 85, 41 pp. https://doi.org/10.25923/xnf9-9s53 When using conductivity, please also cite: Reagan, J.R., M.M. Zweng, D. Seidov, T.P. Boyer, R.A. Locarnini, A.V. Mishonov, O.K. Baranova, H.E. García, K.W. Weathers, C.R. Paver, I.V. Smolyar, and R.H. Tyler (2019). World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 6: Conductivity. A. Mishonov Technical Editor, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 86, 38 pp. https://doi.org/10.25923/wjeq-s877 Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. Locarnini, R. A., A. V. Mishonov, O. K. Baranova, T. P. Boyer, M. M. Zweng, H. E. Garcia, J. R. Reagan, D. Seidov, K. Weathers, C. R. Paver, and I. Smolyar, 2018. World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 1: Temperature. A. Mishonov Technical Ed.; NOAA Atlas NESDIS 81, 52pp 2019 publication NOAA Atlas NESDIS 81 https://doi.org/10.25923/e5rn-9711 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.25923/e5rn-9711 related atlas information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information publisher documentDigital NOAA Atlas NESDIS 82 crossReference project Zweng, M. M., J. R. Reagan, D. Seidov, T. P. Boyer, R. A. Locarnini, H. E. Garcia, A. V. Mishonov, O. K. Baranova, K. Weathers, C. R. Paver, and I. Smolyar, 2018. World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 2: Salinity. A. Mishonov Technical Ed.; NOAA Atlas NESDIS 82, 50pp. 2019 publication NOAA Atlas NESDIS 81 https://doi.org/10.25923/9pgv-1224 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.25923/9pgv-1224 related atlas information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information publisher documentDigital NOAA Atlas NESDIS 82 crossReference project Garcia, H. E., K. Weathers, C. R. Paver, I. Smolyar, T. P. Boyer, R. A. Locarnini, M. M. Zweng, A. V. Mishonov, O. K. Baranova, D. Seidov, and J. R. Reagan, 2018. World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 3: Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Oxygen Saturation. A. Mishonov Technical Ed.; NOAA Atlas NESDIS 83, 38pp. 2019 publication NOAA Atlas NESDIS 83 https://doi.org/10.25923/qspr-pn52 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.25923/qspr-pn52 related atlas information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information publisher documentDigital NOAA Atlas NESDIS 83 crossReference project Garcia, H. E., K. Weathers, C. R. Paver, I. Smolyar, T. P. Boyer, R. A. Locarnini, M. M. Zweng, A. V. Mishonov, O. K. Baranova, D. Seidov, and J. R. Reagan, 2018. World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 4: Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate and nitrate+nitrite, silicate). A. Mishonov Technical Ed.; NOAA Atlas NESDIS 84, 35pp. 2019 publication NOAA Atlas NESDIS 84 https://doi.org/10.25923/ng6j-ey81 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.25923/ng6j-ey81 related atlas information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information publisher documentDigital NOAA Atlas NESDIS 84 crossReference project Locarnini, R.A., T.P. Boyer, A.V. Mishonov, J.R. Reagan, M.M. Zweng, O.K. Baranova, H.E. Garcia, D. Seidov, K.W. Weathers, C.R. Paver, and I.V. Smolyar (2019). World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 5: Density. A. Mishonov, Technical Editor. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 85, 41pp. 2019 publication NOAA Atlas NESDIS 85 https://doi.org/10.25923/xnf9-9s53 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.25923/xnf9-9s53 related atlas information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information publisher documentDigital NOAA Atlas NESDIS 85 crossReference project Reagan, J.R., M.M. Zweng, D. Seidov, T.P. Boyer, R.A. Locarnini, A.V. Mishonov, O.K. Baranova, H.E. Garcia, K.W. Weathers, C.R. Paver, I.V. Smolyar, and R.H. Tyler (2019). World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 6: Conductivity. A. Mishonov Technical Editor, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 86, 38 pp. 2019 publication NOAA Atlas NESDIS 86 https://doi.org/10.25923/wjeq-s877 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.25923/wjeq-s877 related atlas information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information publisher documentDigital NOAA Atlas NESDIS 86 crossReference project eng; USA utf8 environment oceans -180 180 -90 90 1955-01-01 2017-12-31 This final version of WOA18, published in July 2019, is replacing a prereleased version made available in September 2018. The changes between the versions include: 1. For the first time, the animal-mounted pinniped temperature profiles (APB) have been added, improving coverage in high latitude areas. 2. A different Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) correction (Cheng et al., 2014) has been employed. 3. A double XBT correction has been detected in pre-release version and fixed in final version. 4. All temperature and salinity climatological fields were re-calculated to account for these adjustments. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. netCDF netCDF-4 classic NODC_NetCDF_Grid_Template_v2.0, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3 218531.804 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/thredds-ocean/catalog/ncei/woa/catalog.html THREDDS Web browsers can browse THREDDS Data Servers and specialized THREDDS software can enable more sophisticated data access and visualizations. THREDDS These data are available through a variety of services via a THREDDS (Thematic Real-time Environmental Distributed Data Services) Data Server (TDS). Depending on the dataset, the TDS can provide WMS, WCS, DAP, HTTP, and other data access and metadata services as well. For more information on the TDS, see http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/thredds/current/tds/. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data.nodc/ncei/woa/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/woa/ HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-atlas HTTPS Web browser World Ocean Atlas Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/NCEI-WOA18 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information series NCEI Accession 0176314 v1.1 was published. 2018-10-15T23:47:29Z NCEI Accession 0176314 was revised and v2.2 was published. 2019-03-19T02:52:48Z NCEI Accession 0192181 v1.1 was published. 2019-08-28T08:17:39Z asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian