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                <gco:Date>2006</gco:Date>
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                <gco:CharacterString>K. Longenecker,</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>A baseline survey of the marine biota of the island of Lanai was conducted in May 2005. This was first comprehensive study that has been made on this island for all components of its marine nearshore community. Samples and observations were taken at seven sites around the island, and all macroalgae, macroinvertebrates and fish species collected or observed were recorded. On-site observations without collections were made at two other sites. Identified species were designated as native, nonindigenous (introduced) or cryptogenic (neither demonstrably native nor introduced) according to criteria used for previous introduced species surveys in Hawaii. A total of 294 taxa were observed or identified from collected specimens, which included 16 introduced or cryptogenic species and three new reports for the Hawaiian Islands. The 16 introduced and cryptogenic species comprised 5.4% of the total identified taxa and included seven cnidarians, one polychaete, two pericards, one decapod, one bryozoan, two ascidians and three fish. By station, the introduced/cryptogenic component ranged 3 to 7 species and 3.8% to 6.8% of the total biota. The stations included two sites at or near Kaumalapau Harbor, Lanai's principal harbor for inter-island shipping. The percent component values are similar to those that have been determined on ocean-exposed reef areas elsewhere in the Hawaiian Islands but the harbor value is well below the values in other Hawaiian harbors that are more isolated from open ocean circulation than Kaumalapau Harbor. No invasive introduced algae and only two invasive introduced inverterbrates were found on the surveys. These were a single colony of the octocoral Carijoa riisei in the vicinity of Cathedrals between Manele Bay and Harbor, and a single stomatopod Gonodactylaceous falcatus at the site closest to Manele Harbor.</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:CharacterString>A summary of site descriptions is given in ../../data/table_1.txt. Surveys were conducted from February 28 to March 4, 2005 at the eight sites. Three sites (LA1, LA2 and LA6) were deployed in the vicinities of Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR) fish monitoring transects, and one (LA5) was deployed in the vicinity of a Coral Reef Assessment Monitoring Program (CRAMP) Rapid Assessment Transect Survey (RATS) site. Diving observations that were planned for Manele Harbor could not be completed because of ongoing dredging operations that caused muddy conditions and zero visibility, and the nearest station was located just outside the harbor at LA1. However, observations and collections were conducted at the main pier of Kaumalapau Harbor and on a coral reef 265 m southeast of the Kaumalapau pier. Scuba was used at Stations LA1 to LA7 by three observers who recorded all macroalgae, macro-invertebrates and fishes that could be identified on site in the vicinity of a triangular sampling area of 312 m2 at each station (Method described in Coles et al. 2004a and Coles et al. in press). At Station 8, macrobiota were recorded by two observers (SLC and HB) while snorkeling across a transect from the beach to a blue hole locally called "Bottomless", 320 m offshore. Also, observations were made during dives in and around the caverns at "Cathedrals" just southwest of the entrance to the bay leading to Manele Harbor. Benthic specimens were obtained from a variety of habitats at Stations LA1-LA7. Large-organisms were collected by hand, and hard surfaces were scraped with a chisel into collecting bags and transported back to the laboratory. Macroalgae samples were frozen until later identification, and epiphytic organisms were rinsed from other algae samples and preserved in 70% ethanol for further processing. Collected organisms and substrata were inspected shortly after collection, and taxa requiring relaxation (i.e. hydroids, anemones, ophiuroids, holothurians, and ascidians) were held in a solution of saturated magnesium sulfate in seawater for at least 12 hours, transferred to 5% formalin-seawater and then into 70% ethanol The remaining organisms were preserved directly in 70% ethanol for shipment to Bishop Museum. This dataset is derived from: Coles, S.L., K. Longenecker and H. Bolick, 2006. Lanai Nonindigenous Marine Species Surveys, Prepared for: Division of Aquatic Resources, Department of Land and Natural Resources. Contribution No. 2006-012 to the Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum, 35 p. Pertinent references: Coles, S. L., R. C. DeFelice, L. G. Eldredge, and J. T. Carlton. 1997. Biodiversity of marine communities in Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii with observations on introduced species. Bishop Museum, Tech. Rep. No. 10. 76 pp. Coles, S. L., R. C. DeFelice, J. E. Smith, D. Muir, and L. G. Eldredge. 1998. Determination of baseline conditions for introduced marine species in nearshore waters of the island of Kaho'olawe, Hawaii. Bishop Museum Tech. Rep. No. 14. 26 pp. Coles, S. L., R. C. DeFelice, L. G. Eldredge, and J. T. Carlton. 1999a. Historical and recent introductions to non-indigenous marine species into Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Mar. Biol. 135: 1247-158. Coles, S. L., R. C. DeFelice, and L. G. Eldredge. 1999b. Nonindigenous marine species introductions in the harbors of the south and west shores of Oahu, Hawaii. Bishop Museum Tech. Rep. 15, 210 pp. Coles, S. L., R. C. DeFelice, and D. Minton. 2001. Marine species survey of Johnston Atoll June 2000. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Area Office, Bishop Museum Tech. Rep. 19. 58 pp. Coles, S. L., and L. G. Eldredge. 2002. Nonindigenous species introductions on coral reefs: a need for information. Pac. Sci. 56: 191-209. Coles, S. L., R. C. DeFelice, and L. G. Eldredge. 2002a. Nonindigenous species in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawai`i. Bishop Museum, Tech. Rep. No. 24. 353 pp. Coles, S. L., R. C. DeFelice, and L. G. Eldredge. 2002b. Nonindigenous marine species introductions at WaikWkW and Hawaii Kai, Oahu, Hawaii. Bishop Museum Tech. Rep. No. 25, 245 pp. Coles, S. L., P. A. Reath, P. A. Skelton, V. Bonito, R. C. DeFelice, and L. Basch. 2003. Introduced marine species in Pago Pago Harbor, Fagatele Bay and the National Park Coast, American Samoa. Bishop Museum Tech. Rep. No. 26, Honolulu. 182 pp. Coles, S. L., L. G. Eldredege, F. Kandel, P. A. Reath, and K. Longenecker,. 2004a. Assessment of nonindigenous species on coral reefs in the Hawaiian islands, with emphasis on introduced invertebrates Bishop Museum Tech. Rep. No. 27. 106 pp. Coles, S. L., P. A. Reath, K. Longenecker, H. Bolick, and L. G. Eldredege. 2004b. Assessment of nonindigenous marine species in harbors and on nearby coral reefs on Kauai, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii. Bishop Museum Tech. Rep. No. 29. 187 pp. Coles, S. L., F. Kandel, P. A. Reath, K. Longenecker, and L. G. Eldredege. In press. Rapid Assessment of Nonindigenous Marine Species on Coral Reefs in the Main Hawaiian Islands. Pac. Sci.</gco:CharacterString>
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