{"accessLevel": "public", "bureauCode": ["010:12"], "contactPoint": {"@type": "vcard:Contact", "fn": "Hedeff I. Essaid", "hasEmail": "mailto:hiessaid@usgs.gov"}, "description": "Watershed-scale coupled surface water (SW) \u2013 groundwater (GW) flow modeling was \nused to examine changes in streamflow and SW \u2013 GW interaction resulting from \nirrigation and associated SW diversions and GW pumping. The U.S. Geological Survey \n(USGS) model GSFLOW, an integration of the USGS Precipitation-Runoff Modeling \nSystem (PRMS) and the Modular Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW), was utilized \nfor this effort. Processes represented in the model include daily rain, snowfall, snowmelt, \nstreamflow, surface runoff, interflow, infiltration, soil-zone evapotranspiration (ET), and \nsubsurface unsaturated and saturated GW flow and ET. The upper Smith River watershed, \nan important agricultural and recreational fishing area in west-central Montana, was used \nto develop the model framework including watershed climate, topography, hydrography, \nvegetation, and soil properties as well as the scenario used to represent current irrigation \npractices. The 640 square kilometer modeled watershed area ranged in elevation from \n1476 m to 2570 m and was discretized into coincident 200 m by 200 m hydrologic response \nunits (for climate and soil zone flow processes) and grid blocks (for unsaturated zone and \nGW flow processes) resulting in a grid of 180 rows by 160 columns. The subsurface GW \nsystem was discretized into 6 layers (two 50-m thick layers overlying five 100-m thick layers) \nrepresenting Quaternary alluvium, Tertiary sedimentary rock and bedrock with maximum \nthicknesses of 50 m, 200 m and 500 m, respectively. The time period from 10/1/2004 to \n10/1/2010 was simulated using 2192 daily stress periods. Observed daily temperature \nmaximum, minimum and precipitation records at the White Sulphur Springs 2 weather \nstation were used with temperature and precipitation lapse rates to distribute elevation-dependent \ntemperature and precipitation across the watershed. Initial estimates of parameters controlling \nsoil zone storage, infiltration from the soil zone to GW, and interflow were related to watershed \nproperties such as land-surface slope and soil properties. Potential ET was calculated in \nGSFLOW using the Jensen-Haise approach. The model ET extinction depth was based on \nthe watershed vegetation distribution, assuming alfalfa was planted in sprinkler irrigated areas, \nand literature plant root depths. Subsurface saturated and unsaturated zone properties were \nrelated to the hydrogeologic units (i.e. alluvium, Tertiary sedimentary rock and bedrock). The \nstream channel network was constructed by using the Arc Hydro flow accumulation tool and \nselecting the network of stream segments with flow accumulating from at least 20 km2 \n(500 grid blocks). Each stream segment of the model was assigned a 12-m wide cross-section \nthat allowed stream width and depth to vary with flow. Model parameters were adjusted to \nreproduce the general observed streamflow patterns and GW level distributions in the watershed. \nModel results were used to compare streamflow, GW recharge and SW-GW exchange in the \nwatershed under natural, pre-irrigation conditions (PreIrr scenario); for current irrigation practices \ninvolving mainly SW diversion with flood and sprinkler irrigation (IrrCurrent scenario); and for an \nirrigation scenario based solely on GW pumping for sprinkler irrigation (IrrGW scenario).", "distribution": [{"@type": "dcat:Distribution", "accessURL": "https://doi.org/10.5066/F79W0CM0", "description": "Landing page for access to the data", "format": "XML", "mediaType": "application/http", "title": "Digital Data"}, {"@type": "dcat:Distribution", "description": "The metadata original format", "downloadURL": "https://data.usgs.gov/datacatalog/metadata/USGS.0f05cfe7-35da-4a7b-9449-5e9557f0a0a9.xml", "format": "XML", "mediaType": "text/xml", "title": "Original Metadata"}], "identifier": "http://datainventory.doi.gov/id/dataset/USGS_0f05cfe7-35da-4a7b-9449-5e9557f0a0a9", "keyword": ["GSFLOW", "Groundwater", "Groundwater Model", "Meagher County", "Montana", "Streamflow", "Streamflow Modeling", "USGS:0f05cfe7-35da-4a7b-9449-5e9557f0a0a9", "White Sulphur Springs", "environment", "geoscientificInformation", "inlandWaters", "usgsgroundwatermodel"], "modified": "2020-11-17T00:00:00Z", "publisher": {"@type": "org:Organization", "name": "U.S. Geological Survey"}, "spatial": "-111.1591, 46.2752, -110.7504, 46.5941", "theme": ["geospatial"], "title": "GSFLOW model simulations used to evaluate the impact of irrigated agriculture on surface water - groundwater interaction"}