noaa-icecore-12887 eng; USA utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact NOAA World Data Service for Paleoclimatology Data Center Contact 828-271-4800 303-497-6513 325 Broadway, E/NE31 Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA paleo@noaa.gov pointOfContact 2024-05-02 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - GISP2 Ice Core 4000 Year Ar-N Isotope Temperature Reconstruction 2012-03-30 publication doi:10.25921/5e82-z985 noaa-icecore-12887 NCEI DSI 1200_02 NCEI DSI 1200_01 Kobashi, T. originator Kobashi, T. author Kawamura, K. originator Kawamura, K. author Severinghaus, J. originator Severinghaus, J. author Barnola, J.-M. originator Barnola, J.-M. author Nakaegawa, T. originator Nakaegawa, T. author Vinther, B.M. originator Vinther, B.M. author Johnsen, S.J. originator Johnsen, S.J. author Box, J.E. originator Box, J.E. author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information publisher tableDigital This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Ice Core. The data include parameters of climate reconstructions|ice cores with a geographic location of Greenland. The time period coverage is from 3950 to -43 in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data. Records of past temperature, precipitation, atmospheric trace gases, and other aspects of climate and environment derived from ice cores drilled on glaciers and ice caps around the world. Parameter keywords describe what was measured in this dataset. Additional summary information can be found in the abstracts of papers listed in the dataset citations. completed NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact NOAA World Data Service for Paleoclimatology Data Center Contact 828-271-4800 303-497-6513 325 Broadway, E/NE31 Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA paleo@noaa.gov pointOfContact https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/webimages/pc-default-icecore.png Paleoclimatology - Ice Core PNG Earth Science > Climate Indicators > Paleoclimate Indicators > Ice Core Records Earth Science > Paleoclimate > Ice Core Records theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|ice cores earth science > paleoclimate > ice core > reconstruction earth science > paleoclimate > ice core > nitrogen isotopes theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Air Temperature Reconstruction Arctic temperature theme What: surface temperature; Material: delta 15N excess What: surface temperature; Material: delta 15N excess What: age; Material: null What: surface temperature; Material: delta 15N excess What: surface temperature; Material: delta 15N excess theme Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/paleoenvironmental-standard-terms-thesaurus PaST Thesaurus information publisher Continent > North America > Greenland > GISP2 > LATITUDE 72.583333 > LONGITUDE -38.466667 place DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian otherRestrictions Cite as: Kobashi, T.; Kawamura, K.; Severinghaus, J.; Barnola, J.-M.; Nakaegawa, T.; Vinther, B.M.; Johnsen, S.J.; Box, J.E. (2012-03-30): NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - GISP2 Ice Core 4000 Year Ar-N Isotope Temperature Reconstruction. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/5e82-z985. Accessed [date]. otherRestrictions Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose otherRestrictions None otherRestrictions Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site. High variability of Greenland surface temperature over the past 4000 years estimated from trapped air in an ice core 2011 publication Kobashi, T., K. Kawamura, J.P. Severinghaus, J.-M. Barnola, T. Nakaegawa, B.M. Vinther, S.J. Johnsen, and J.E. Box author Geophysical Research Letters publisher https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049444 HTTPS Web Browser Associated Reference published 2011 Kobashi, T., K. Kawamura, J.P. Severinghaus, J.-M. Barnola, T. Nakaegawa, B.M. Vinther, S.J. Johnsen, and J.E. Box, 2011: High variability of Greenland surface temperature over the past 4000 years estimated from trapped air in an ice core. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, 733-756, 10.1029/2011GL049444 information crossReference sciencePaper eng; USA geoscientificInformation Date Range: -2000 CE to 1993 CE; Date Range: 3950 cal yr BP to -43 cal yr BP; -38.466667 -38.466667 72.583333 72.583333 Study Coordinates 72.583333 -38.466667 -2000 1993 STUDY NOTES: Greenland summit surface snow temperature for the past 4000 years reconstructed by a new method that utilises argon and nitrogen isotopic ratios from occluded air bubbles. Simultaneous, high-precision analyses of d15N and d40Ar in trapped air from the GISP2 ice core (Kobashi et al. 2008a) was used for this study. The method for the temperature reconstruction relies on the fact that gases in firn (unconsolidated snow) layers fractionate according to the depth and temperature gradient (DT) at the top and bottom of the layer (Severinghaus et al., 1998). Information about past depths and DTs at the time of air bubble trapping in the ice sheet can be retrieved by measuring d15N and d40Ar in the occluded air in ice cores. Then, the surface temperature history can be reconstructed by integrating the DTs over time (Kobashi et al., 2008b, 2010) with a firn densification/heat diffusion model (Goujon et al., 2003). ABSTRACT SUPPLIED BY ORIGINATOR: Greenland recently incurred record high temperatures and ice loss by melting, adding to concerns that anthropogenic warming is impacting the Greenland ice sheet and in turn accelerating global sea-level rise. Yet, it remains imprecisely known for Greenland how much warming is caused by increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases versus natural variability. To address this need, we reconstruct Greenland surface snow temperature variability over the past 4000 years at the GISP2 site (near the Summit of the Greenland ice sheet; hereafter referred to as Greenland temperature) with a new method that utilises argon and nitrogen isotopic ratios from occluded air bubbles. The estimated average Greenland snow temperature over the past 4000 years was -30.7°C with a standard deviation of 1.0°C and exhibited a long-term decrease of roughly 1.5°C, which is consistent with earlier studies. The current decadal average surface temperature (2001–2010) at the GISP2 site is -29.9°C. The record indicates that warmer temperatures were the norm in the earlier part of the past 4000 years, including century-long intervals nearly 1°C warmer than the present decade (2001-2010). Therefore, we conclude that the current decadal mean temperature in Greenland has not exceeded the envelope of natural variability over the past 4000 years, a period that seems to include part of the Holocene Thermal Maximum. Notwithstanding this conclusion, climate models project that if anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions continue, the Greenland temperature would exceed the natural variability of the past 4000 years sometime before the year 2100. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information distributor In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. Native Format(s) https://doi.org/10.25921/5e82-z985 HTTPS Landing Page Metadata Landing Page NCEI landing page with general information and links to access the data. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/12887 HTTPS Web Browser NOAA Study Page Study page with data access information. search https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/ice-core HTTPS Information NCEI Ice Core Page General information for this data type. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/greenland/summit/gisp2/isotopes/gisp2-temperature2011-noaa.txt HTTPS Download NCEI Direct Download Direct download links for dataset files. download asNeeded This ISO metadata record was translated from DIF metadata using dif-9x-to-iso-19115-2.xsl Version: 2022-06-21