gov.noaa.nodc:0285660 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2025-09-30T13:16:59Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) GNSS Radio Occultation Soundings from Airbus Commercial Aircraft; 2017-2019 (NCEI Accession 0285660) 2023-12-09 publication 2023-11-28 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/ezjd-w264 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0285660 NCEI Archive Management System 0285660 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Kevin Nelson US NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) resourceProvider US NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) resourceProvider Kevin Nelson US NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) kevin.j.nelson@jpl.nasa.gov pointOfContact Nelson, Kevin J. US NASA; Jet Propulsion Laboratory author Xie, Feiqin Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi feiqin.xie@tamucc.edu https://www.tamucc.edu/ HTTPS Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi (TAMU-CC) website Institution web page information author Chan, Bryan C. Night Crew Labs, LLC author Goel, Ashish Night Crew Labs, LLC author Kosh, Jonathan Night Crew Labs, LLC author Vergalla, Mike Project Monark author US NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) contributor tableDigital This data consists of both level 1 (time series) and level 2 (vertical profiles) in-atmosphere radio occultation (RO) data retrieved from various Airbus commercial aircraft. Raw level 1 time series observables include receiver position and velocity vectors, transmitter position and velocity vectors, signal-to-noise ratio, excess phase, and excess Doppler shift. Level 2 vertical profile observables are the result of either geometric optics or radio-holographic radio occultation retrievals on time series data, resulting in profiles of bending angle (impact parameter space) and refractivity (height space). ERA5 data provided are derived from model level thermodynamic data from which refractivity was calculated and bending angle profiles were simulated for comparison to RO retrievals. The lack of high vertical resolution atmospheric thermodynamic structure observations inside or near major weather events (e.g., thunderstorms, hurricanes, etc.) impedes our understanding of physical processes and their predictability in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The side-viewing airborne GNSS radio occultation (ARO) technique has proven to be a viable remote sensing option to offer dense soundings of the weather events near the flight tracks. The global fleet of commercial aircraft equipped with high-grade GNSS receivers could offer unprecedented number of ARO soundings across the globe if utilized correctly. In this study, raw ARO measurements recorded from selected Airbus commercial aircraft were processed. For the first time, atmospheric bending angle and refractivity profiles were successfully retrieved from commercial aircraft and compared with the collocated ECMWF global reanalysis data. The preliminary quality assessment of the Airbus ARO soundings will be presented. Funding Agency: Airbus Funding Agency: NOAA completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0285660 Preview graphic PNG 0285660 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2023-11-17 publication PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY - ELAPSED TIME theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS model output satellite data theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS US NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS US NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS climatology theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication Jet Propulsion Laboratory dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian EARTH SCIENCE > BIOSPHERE > ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS > ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS > PRIMARY PRODUCTION theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Atmospheric Bending Angle Atmospheric Refractivity Earth Radius of Curvature Elevation Angle of Occulting Satellite GNSS ID GPS Receiver Height GPS Receiver Position GPS Receiver Velocity GPS Transmitter Position GPS Transmitter Velocity Impact Parameter L1 Excess Doppler L1 Excess Phase L1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio L2 Excess Doppler L2 Excess Phase L2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Observed Partial Bending Angle Profile Height Reanalysis Bending Angle Renalysis Refractivity Simulated Partial Bending Angle theme Provider Keywords Airbus Aircraft GPS ERA5 instrument Provider Instruments 1A7YL5 Send2NCEI Submission Package ID accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Nelson, Kevin J.; Xie, Feiqin; Chan, Bryan C.; Goel, Ashish; Kosh, Jonathan; Vergalla, Mike (2023). GNSS Radio Occultation Soundings from Airbus Commercial Aircraft; 2017-2019 (NCEI Accession 0285660). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/ezjd-w264. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz‐Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., … Thépaut, J. (2020). The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146(730), 1999–2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803 2020-06-15 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803 related journal article information Hersbach, Hans European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Bell, Bill European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Berrisford, Paul European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Hirahara, Shoji Japan Meteorological Agency Tokyo Japan author Horányi, András European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Muñoz‐Sabater, Joaquín European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Nicolas, Julien European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Peubey, Carole European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Radu, Raluca European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Schepers, Dinand European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Simmons, Adrian European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Soci, Cornel European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Abdalla, Saleh European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Abellan, Xavier European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Balsamo, Gianpaolo European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Bechtold, Peter European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Biavati, Gionata European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Bidlot, Jean European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Bonavita, Massimo European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author De Chiara, Giovanna European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Dahlgren, Per The Norwegian Meteorological Institute Oslo Norway author Dee, Dick European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Diamantakis, Michail European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Dragani, Rossana European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Flemming, Johannes European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Forbes, Richard European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Fuentes, Manuel European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Geer, Alan European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Haimberger, Leo Department of Meteorology and Geophysics Universität Wien Vienna Austria author Healy, Sean European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Hogan, Robin J. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Hólm, Elías European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Janisková, Marta European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Keeley, Sarah European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Laloyaux, Patrick European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Lopez, Philippe European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Lupu, Cristina European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Radnoti, Gabor European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author de Rosnay, Patricia European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Rozum, Iryna European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Vamborg, Freja European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Villaume, Sebastien European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Thépaut, Jean‐Noël European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK author Wiley publisher documentDigital Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc 146(730) ISSN 0035-9009, ISSN 1477-870X, pp. 1999-2049 crossReference sciencePaper Kursinski, E. R., Hajj, G. A., Schofield, J. T., Linfield, R. P., & Hardy, K. R. (1997). Observing Earth’s atmosphere with radio occultation measurements using the Global Positioning System. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 102(D19), 23429–23465. https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd01569 1997-10 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd01569 https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd01569 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd01569 related journal article information Kursinski, E. R. author Hajj, G. A. author Schofield, J. T. author Linfield, R. P. author Hardy, K. R. author American Geophysical Union (AGU) publisher documentDigital J. Geophys. Res. 102(D19) ISSN 0148-0227, pp. 23429-23465 crossReference sciencePaper Kursinski, E. R., Hajj, G. A., Leroy, S. S., & Herman, B. (2000). The GPS Radio Occultation Technique. Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences, 11, 53–114. 2000 publication http://tao.cgu.org.tw/index.php/articles/archive/space-science/item/350 HTTP http://tao.cgu.org.tw/index.php/articles/archive/space-science/item/350 related journal article information Kursinski, E. R. author Hajj, G. A. author Leroy, S. S. author Herman, B. author Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences publisher documentDigital Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 11 53–114 crossReference Nelson, K. J., Xie, F., Chan, B. C., Goel, A., Kosh, J., Reid, T. G. R., Snyder, C. R., & Tarantino, P. M. (2023). GNSS radio occultation soundings from commercial off-the-shelf receivers on board balloon platforms. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 16(4), 941–954. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-941-2023 2023-02-23 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-941-2023 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-941-2023 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-941-2023 related journal article information Nelson, Kevin J. author Xie, Feiqin Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi author Chan, Bryan C. author Goel, Ashish author Kosh, Jonathan Xona Space Systems author Reid, Tyler G. R. author Snyder, Corey R. author Tarantino, Paul M. author Copernicus GmbH publisher documentDigital Atmos. Meas. Tech. 16(4) ISSN 1867-8548, pp. 941-954 crossReference sciencePaper eng; USA utf8 environment climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere -20 40 20 70 2017-02-06 2019-02-22 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. Originator data format 402.068 https://doi.org/10.25921/ezjd-w264 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/285660 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/285660 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0220/0285660/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0285660 v1.1 was published. 2023-12-09T01:26:02Z NCEI Accession 0285660 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0285660/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0285660 v1.1 published 2023-12-09T01:26:02Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: GPS Receiver Position (measured); Units: meter; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: 5 Hz sampling in time series Parameter or Variable: GPS Transmitter Position (calculated); Units: m; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: 5 Hz sampling in time series Parameter or Variable: GPS Receiver Velocity (measured); Units: meters per second; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: 5 Hz sampling in time series Parameter or Variable: GPS Transmitter Velocity (calculated); Units: meters per second; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: 5 Hz sampling in time series Parameter or Variable: PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY - ELAPSED TIME (measured); Units: second; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: 5 Hz sampling in time series Parameter or Variable: GNSS ID (measured); Units: none; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: GNSS ID of occulting satellite Parameter or Variable: L1 Excess Phase (calculated); Units: meter; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: 5 Hz sampling in time series Parameter or Variable: L2 Excess Phase (calculated); Units: meter; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: 5 Hz sampling in time series Parameter or Variable: L1 Excess Doppler (calculated); Units: meters per second; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: 5 Hz sampling in time series Parameter or Variable: L2 Excess Doppler (calculated); Units: meters per second; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: 5 Hz sampling in time series Parameter or Variable: L1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (calculated); Units: volts per volt; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: 5 Hz sampling in time series Parameter or Variable: L2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (measured); Units: volts per volt; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: 5 Hz sampling in time series Parameter or Variable: GPS Receiver Height (calculated); Units: meter; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: 5 Hz sampling in time series Parameter or Variable: Earth Radius of Curvature (calculated); Units: meter; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: 5 Hz sampling in time series Parameter or Variable: Elevation Angle of Occulting Satellite (calculated); Units: degrees true; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: 5 Hz sampling in time series Parameter or Variable: Profile Height (calculated); Units: meter; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Calculated from inverse Abel transform on bending angle/impact parameter data. Parameter or Variable: Impact Parameter (calculated); Units: meter; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Calculated from bending angle retrievals as described. Parameter or Variable: Atmospheric Refractivity (calculated); Units: N-units; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Retrieved from Abel inversion on atmospheric bending angle profile Parameter or Variable: Atmospheric Bending Angle (calculated); Units: degree; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Retrieved from geometric optics and full spectrum inversion radio-holographic retrievals. Parameter or Variable: Renalysis Refractivity (calculated); Units: N-units; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: ERA5; Sampling and Analyzing Method: ERA5 refractivity profiles colocated with RO receiver and tangent points Parameter or Variable: Reanalysis Bending Angle (calculated); Units: degree; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: ERA5; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Bending angle profiles derived from ERA5 refractivity profiles using Forward Abel integration Parameter or Variable: Observed Partial Bending Angle (calculated); Units: degree; Observation Category: satellite; Sampling Instrument: Airbus Aircraft GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Partial bending angle calculated from retrieved RO bending angles Parameter or Variable: Simulated Partial Bending Angle (calculated); Units: degree; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: ERA5; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Partial bending angle calculated from ERA5 simulated bending angles asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. 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