gov.noaa.nodc:0208346 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-07-23T07:11:47Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Monthly gridded sea surface fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2), total alkalinity (TA), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pH, and aragonite (Ωarag) in Mid-Atlantic Bight and South Atlantic Bight from 1982 to 2015 (NCEI Accession 0208346) 2020-01-17 publication 2020-01-08 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/bzne-9615 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0208346 NCEI Archive Management System 0208346 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Yuan-Yuan Xu University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) yuanyuan.xu@noaa.gov https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information resourceProvider University of Miami (UM) http://www.miami.edu/ HTTP University of Miami (UM) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Yuan-Yuan Xu University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) yuanyuan.xu@noaa.gov http://www.rsmas.miami.edu HTTP University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Wei-Jun Cai University of Delaware wcai@udel.edu http://www.udel.edu/ HTTP University of Delaware website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Rik Wanninkhof NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Joseph Salisbury University of New Hampshire (UNH) Joe.Salisbury@unh.edu principalInvestigator Xu, Yuan-Yuan University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science http://www.rsmas.miami.edu HTTP University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) website Institution web page information author Cai, Wei-Jun University of Delaware http://www.udel.edu/ HTTP University of Delaware website Institution web page information author Wanninkhof, Rik NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Salisbury, Joseph E. University of New Hampshire author University of Delaware http://www.udel.edu/ HTTP University of Delaware website Institution web page information contributor University of Miami (UM) http://www.miami.edu/ HTTP University of Miami (UM) website Institution web page information contributor University of New Hampshire (UNH) contributor NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information contributor tableDigital This dataset contains monthly interpolated sea surface fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2) from 1982 through 2015 is estimated from monthly atmospheric CO2, temperature, and salinity. Firstly, the disequilibrium between the observed seawater fCO2 and fCO2air (i.e., ΔfCO2; ΔfCO2 = fCO2 – fCO2air) is estimated using a bayesian-neural-network approach for each 1°×1° grid box in the MAB and the SAB. The input parameters are latitude, longitude, SST, and SSS. The output parameter is ΔfCO2. The feedforward backpropagation network is constructed by two hidden layers with tanh activation functions. The neural network is trained with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (Hagan and Menhaj, 1994). Then fCO2 is calculated using ΔfCO2 and fCO2air. Next, continuous monthly SST and SSS data from 1982 to 2015 are used to calculate output with the trained network to fill in SOCAT data gaps. Monthly pH, DIC, and Ωarag are calculated from fCO2 and salinity-derived TA using CO2SYS (Van Heuven et al., 2009) with the first and second dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater (K1 and K2) from Lueker et al. (2000) and borate-to-salinity ratio determined by Uppström (1974). TA is derived from salinity using their linear relationships in the MAB and the SAB (Cai et al., 2010). This dataset is available to the public for a wide variety of uses including scientific research and analysis. completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0208346 Preview graphic PNG 0208346 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2019-12-17 publication ARAGONITE SATURATION STATE DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC) Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide - atmosphere partial pressure of carbon dioxide - water pH SALINITY - SURFACE WATER SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE total alkalinity theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer showerhead equilibrator instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS chemical physical surface underway theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS VARIOUS CHARTERED VESSELS platform NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory University of Delaware University of Miami University of New Hampshire dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS University of Miami dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Ship of Opportunity Programme (SOOP) project NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS Mid-Atlantic Bight North Atlantic Ocean place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication DOC/NOAA/OAR/AOML > Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, OAR, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Various project Cruise ID Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS) Project project Ocean Acidification Search Keywords EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY > CARBON AND HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS > ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE > PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE EARTH SCIENCE > CLIMATE INDICATORS > ATMOSPHERIC/OCEAN INDICATORS > SURFACE SALINITY EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > ALKALINITY EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > CARBON DIOXIDE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > CARBONATE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > INORGANIC CARBON EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > PH EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > SALINITY theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Data synthesis product Discrete measurement Profile theme OCADS Study Type alkalinity (lon, lat, time) aragonite (lon, lat, time) dic (lon, lat, time) fco2sw (lon, lat, time) lat lon ph (lon, lat, time) sss (lon, lat, time) sst (lon, lat, time) time theme Provider Variable Abbreviations CO2 ANALYZERS > CO2 ANALYZERS EQUILIBRATORS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian OCEAN > ATLANTIC OCEAN > NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Atlantic Ocean Mid-Atlantic Bight South Atlantic Bight place Provider Geographic Names accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Xu, Yuan-Yuan; Cai, Wei-Jun; Wanninkhof, Rik; Salisbury, Joseph E. (2020). Monthly gridded sea surface fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2), total alkalinity (TA), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pH, and aragonite (Ωarag) in Mid-Atlantic Bight and South Atlantic Bight from 1982 to 2015 (NCEI Accession 0208346). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/bzne-9615. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. Xu, Y., Cai, W., Wanninkhof, R., Salisbury, J., Reimer, J., & Chen, B. (2020). Long‐Term Changes of Carbonate Chemistry Variables Along the North American East Coast. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jc015982 2020-07 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jc015982 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jc015982 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jc015982 related journal article information Xu, Yuan‐Yuan School of Marine Science and Policy University of Delaware Newark DE USA author Cai, Wei‐Jun School of Marine Science and Policy University of Delaware Newark DE USA author Wanninkhof, Rik NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Miami FL USA author Salisbury, Joseph Ocean Processes Analysis Laboratory University of New Hampshire Durham NH USA author Reimer, Janet School of Marine Science and Policy University of Delaware Newark DE USA author Chen, Baoshan School of Marine Science and Policy University of Delaware Newark DE USA author American Geophysical Union (AGU) publisher documentDigital JGR Oceans 125(7) ISSN 2169-9275, ISSN 2169-9291 crossReference project Cai, W., Hu, X., Huang, W., Jiang, L., Wang, Y., Peng, T., & Zhang, X. (2010). Alkalinity distribution in the western North Atlantic Ocean margins. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 115(C8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jc005482 2010-08 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jc005482 https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jc005482 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jc005482 related journal article information Cai, Wei‐Jun Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA author Hu, Xinping Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA author Huang, Wei‐Jen Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA author Jiang, Li‐Qing Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA author Wang, Yongchen Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA author Peng, Tsung‐Hung Ocean Chemistry Division AOML, NOAA Miami Florida USA author Zhang, Xin Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla California USA author American Geophysical Union (AGU) publisher documentDigital J. Geophys. Res. 115(C8) ISSN 0148-0227 crossReference project Hagan, M. T., & Menhaj, M. B. (1994). Training feedforward networks with the Marquardt algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 5(6), 989–993. https://doi.org/10.1109/72.329697 1994 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1109/72.329697 https://doi.org/10.1109/72.329697 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1109/72.329697 related journal article information Hagan, M.T. author Menhaj, M.B. author Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) publisher documentDigital IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 5(6) ISSN 1045-9227, pp. 989-993 crossReference project Lueker, T. J., Dickson, A. G., & Keeling, C. D. (2000). Ocean pCO2 calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and equations for K1 and K2: validation based on laboratory measurements of CO2 in gas and seawater at equilibrium. Marine Chemistry, 70(1–3), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(00)00022-0 2000-05 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(00)00022-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(00)00022-0 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(00)00022-0 related journal article information Lueker, Timothy J author Dickson, Andrew G author Keeling, Charles D author Elsevier BV publisher documentDigital Marine Chemistry 70(1-3) ISSN 0304-4203, pp. 105-119 crossReference project Uppström, L. R. (1974). The boron/chlorinity ratio of deep-sea water from the Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 21(2), 161–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(74)90074-6 1974-02 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(74)90074-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(74)90074-6 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(74)90074-6 related journal article information Uppström, Leif R. author Elsevier BV publisher documentDigital Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts 21(2) ISSN 0011-7471, pp. 161-162 crossReference project Van Heuven, S., Pierrot, D., Rae, J. W. B. and Wallace, D. W. R., 2009. MATLAB program developed for CO2 system calculations, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 2009 publication crossReference project Monthly gridded sea surface fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2), total alkalinity (TA), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pH, and aragonite (Ωarag) in Mid-Atlantic Bight and South Atlantic Bight from 1982 to 2015 2022 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/ndp_102/ndp102.html HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/ndp_102/ndp102.html Related resource information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital crossReference project NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022). Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system 2022-04 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system OCADS website information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital [accessed 2024-02-08] crossReference program eng; USA utf8 environment oceans -81 -70 28 50 1982-01-01 2015-12-31 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. Originator data format 5.188 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0208346.html HTTPS Web browser Project Metadata Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://doi.org/10.25921/bzne-9615 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/208346 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/208346 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0151/0208346/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0208346 v1.1 was published. 2020-01-17T21:36:42Z NCEI Accession 0208346 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0208346/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0208346 v1.1 published 2020-01-17T21:36:42Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: longitude in degrees east (70.5°W - 80.5°W with 1° resolution); Abbreviation: lon; Unit: degrees_east Parameter or Variable: Latitude in degrees north (28.5°N - 40.5°N with 1° resolution); Abbreviation: lat; Unit: degrees_north Parameter or Variable: Time in seconds since 2000-01-01-00:00:00 (monthly resolution); Abbreviation: time; Unit: seconds Parameter or Variable: Sea surface temperature, OISST version 2 data obtained from NOAA’s ESRL Physical Science Division at https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.noaa.oisst.v2.html.; Abbreviation: sst (lon, lat, time) Parameter or Variable: Sea surface salinity, EN4 temperature and salinity data were obtained from Met Office Hadley Center at https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/en4/download-en4-2-1.html.; Abbreviation: sss (lon, lat, time) Parameter or Variable: Sea water fugacity of carbon dioxide; Abbreviation: fco2sw (lon, lat, time); Unit: µatm Parameter or Variable: Total alkalinity; Abbreviation: alkalinity (lon, lat, time); Unit: µmol/kg Parameter or Variable: In situ pH on total scale; Abbreviation: ph (lon, lat, time) Parameter or Variable: Dissolved inorganic carbon; Abbreviation: dic (lon, lat, time); Unit: µmol/kg Parameter or Variable: Seawater aragonite saturation state; Abbreviation: aragonite (lon, lat, time) asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer measures gaseous carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide gas analyzer has often been referred to as LI-COR, because a lot of researchers choose to use products manufactured by LI-COR incorporation for their carbon dioxide measurement. The main component of a carbon dioxide analyzer is a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopic sensors to detect CO2 in a gaseous environment by its characteristic absorption. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator (insttypes_id 184) to measure carbon dioxide in the water. To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water. showerhead equilibrator showerhead equilibrator extracts dissolved CO2 from water A carbon dioxide equilibrator is usually in the shape of a vertical tube, with a showerhead on the top, some headspace, a lot of beads to increase the surface exchange area between water and air, a water seal device at the bottom to allow water to overflow, but prevents air exchange between inside and outside. Carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer (insttypes_id 183) to measure carbon dioxide in the water. To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water. VARIOUS CHARTERED VESSELS VARIOUS CHARTERED VESSELS