noaa-coral-14968 eng; USA utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact NOAA World Data Service for Paleoclimatology Data Center Contact 828-271-4800 303-497-6513 325 Broadway, E/NE31 Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA paleo@noaa.gov pointOfContact 2025-07-29 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Kiritimati Island 4.3ka Fossil Coral d18O Data 2013-09-06 publication doi:10.25921/kcda-nz73 noaa-coral-14968 NCEI DSI 1200_02 NCEI DSI 1200_01 McGregor, H.V. originator McGregor, H.V. author Fischer, M.J. originator Fischer, M.J. author Gagan, M.K. originator Gagan, M.K. author Fink, D. originator Fink, D. author Phipps, S.J. originator Phipps, S.J. author Wong, H. originator Wong, H. author Woodroffe, C.D. originator Woodroffe, C.D. author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information publisher tableDigital This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Coral. The data include parameters of corals and sclerosponges with a geographic location of Kiribati, Central Pacific Ocean. The time period coverage is from 4400 to -57 in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data. Records of past climate and ocean environment derived from stable isotope, trace metal, and other measurements made on corals and sclerosponges. Parameter keywords describe what was measured in this dataset. Additional summary information can be found in the abstracts of papers listed in the dataset citations. completed NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact NOAA World Data Service for Paleoclimatology Data Center Contact 828-271-4800 303-497-6513 325 Broadway, E/NE31 Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA paleo@noaa.gov pointOfContact https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/webimages/pc-default-coral.png Paleoclimatology - Coral and Sclerosponge PNG Earth Science > Climate Indicators > Paleoclimate Indicators > Biological Records > Coral Deposits Earth Science > Climate Indicators > Paleoclimate Indicators > Ocean/Lake Records > Coral Deposits Earth Science > Paleoclimate > Ocean/Lake Records > Coral Deposits theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian earth science > paleoclimate > corals and sclerosponges earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|corals and sclerosponges earth science > paleoclimate > corals and sclerosponges earth science > paleoclimate > corals and sclerosponges earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|corals and sclerosponges earth science > paleoclimate > corals and sclerosponges earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|corals and sclerosponges earth science > paleoclimate > corals and sclerosponges earth science > paleoclimate > corals and sclerosponges earth science > paleoclimate > corals and sclerosponges earth science > paleoclimate > corals and sclerosponges earth science > paleoclimate > corals and sclerosponges > trace metals earth science > paleoclimate > corals and sclerosponges > oxygen isotopes theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian ENSO theme What: delta 18O; Material: Porites sp. What: age; Material: null What: age; Material: null What: delta 18O; Material: Porites sp. What: sea surface temperature; Material: strontium/calcium What: delta 18O; Material: Porites sp. What: age; Material: null What: strontium/calcium; Material: Porites sp. What: delta 18O; Material: Porites sp. What: delta 18O; Material: Porites sp. What: number of samples; Material: null theme Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/paleoenvironmental-standard-terms-thesaurus PaST Thesaurus information publisher Ocean > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Kiribati > Kiritimati Island Microatoll XM22 > LATITUDE 1.855333 > LONGITUDE -157.500133 Ocean > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Kiribati > Kiritimati Island Microatoll XM35 > LATITUDE 1.7368 > LONGITUDE -157.2087 Ocean > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Kiribati > Kiritimati Island Microatolls CW3, XM0, and XM22 > LATITUDE > LONGITUDE Ocean > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Kiribati > Kiritimati Island Corals CW3, PP7-3, XM0, and XM22 > LATITUDE > LONGITUDE place DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2025 revision 22 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian otherRestrictions Cite as: McGregor, H.V.; Fischer, M.J.; Gagan, M.K.; Fink, D.; Phipps, S.J.; Wong, H.; Woodroffe, C.D. (2013-09-06): NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Kiritimati Island 4.3ka Fossil Coral d18O Data. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/kcda-nz73. Accessed [date]. otherRestrictions Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose otherRestrictions None otherRestrictions Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site. A weak El Niño-Southern Oscillation with delayed seasonal growth around 4,300 years ago 2013 publication H. V. McGregor, M. J. Fischer, M. K. Gagan, D. Fink, S. J. Phipps, H. Wong, and C. D. Woodroffe author Nature Geoscience publisher https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1936 HTTPS Web Browser Associated Reference published 2013 H. V. McGregor, M. J. Fischer, M. K. Gagan, D. Fink, S. J. Phipps, H. Wong, and C. D. Woodroffe, 2013: A weak El Niño-Southern Oscillation with delayed seasonal growth around 4,300 years ago. Nature Geoscience, 6, 949-953, 10.1038/ngeo1936 information crossReference sciencePaper eng; USA geoscientificInformation Date Range: 4400 cal yr BP to -57 cal yr BP; -157.56 -157.2087 1.7368 1.97 -2450 2007 STUDY NOTES: Data files updated 5/2/2014 to include Sr/Ca, Sr/Ca-SST, and Dd18O data from fossil coral XM35 and modern coral XM22, as plotted in Supplementary Figure 9, McGregor et al. 2013 Nature Geoscience. Fossil coral oxygen isotope (d18O) data, and fossil and modern coral Sr/Ca data from near Kiritimati Island, eastern tropical Pacific. Living and fossil Porites sp. microatolls were collected at Kiritimati Island (1°50'N, 157°25'W). The well-preserved fossil coral (XM35) grew continuously for 175 years between ~4.2 and ~4.4 kyBP, as indicated by an average U-series age of 4,243 ± 9 years BP, and by clear annual d18O cycles and density bands. Skeletal d18O was measured in fossil coral XM35 at approximately monthly resolution. The age model for coral XM35 was established in the same way as for the modern coral microatoll record (XM22; McGregor et al. 2011), by assigning d18O maxima to early February. The d18O data were interpolated to give 12 values/year. The overall age model uncertainty for the coral time-series is estimated as ± 1 year. For comparison a compilation of Kiritimati Island modern coral d18O records (modern coral d18O stack; Evans et al., 1998; Woodroffe et al., 2003; McGregor et al., 2011), spanning March 1938 to May 2007 was constructed. Comparisons of the annual cycle were made using a sub-set of the modern coral d18O stack (WM_stack; Woodroffe et al., 2003; McGregor et al., 2011) modern coral d18O record for the period February 1978 to May 2007. Time series were broken down into Trend, Annual, and Residual (interannual) components, which occupy distinct spectral bins. Statistical analyses were performed on these components (Supplementary Methods). Coral Sr/Ca was measured on the youngest 30 years of coral microatoll XM35 (coral years 147-177), and for 1994-2007 in modern coral microatoll XM22 to verify the dominant contribution of SST to Kiritimati coral d18O in non-El Nino years. The within-run precision was +/- 0.02 mmol/mol (0.2% RSD). The JCp-1 coral reference material (Okai et al., 2002) was included in every run and the standard deviation for repeat measurements was +/- 0.03 mmol/mol (n = 24). The average standard error for repeat analyses of Sr/Ca sample solutions was 0.005 mmol/mol (n = 56). The coral d18O-based age model for XM22 and XM35 also applies to the Sr/Ca results, since the Sr/Ca analyses were performed on the same coral powders. Sr/Ca-SST was calculated using the calibration equation Sr/Ca-SST = -12.056*Sr/Ca + 138.2681 derived from reduced major axis regression of modern microatoll XM22 Sr/Ca and ERSSTv3b SSTs for 158W, 2N over the period 1994 to 2007. The Sr/Ca and ERSSTv3b show excellent correspondence (R2 = 0.64). Dd18O was calculated using the centering method (Cahyarini et al., 2008) with a d18O-SST slope of 0.15 per mil per degC (McGregor et al., 2011) and the Sr/Ca-SST slope above. XM22 d18O data are from McGregor et al. 2011, and XM35 d18O data are from McGregor et. al. 2013, and the full d18O datasets are archived with WDC-Paleoclimatology. Coral XM35, age: ~4.3 kyBP, location: Kiritimati Island (01°44.212'N, 157°12.522'W). ABSTRACT SUPPLIED BY ORIGINATOR: Earth's interannual climate variability is dominated by El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Palaeoclimate records indicate a lower ENSO variance during the middle Holocene compared with today; however, model simulations have not reproduced the full magnitude of the changes, and whether external forcing drives large intrinsic ENSO variability is therefore a matter of considerable debate. Here we present a 175-year-long, monthly resolved oxygen isotope record, obtained from a Porites coral microatoll located on Kiritimati (Christmas) Island, in the NINO3.4 region of the central equatorial Pacific. Our quantitative record of ENSO variability about 4,300 years ago shows that ENSO variance was persistently reduced by 79%, compared with today, and it exhibits a dominant annual cycle. Season-specific analysis shows that El Niño events were damped during their September-November growth phase, and delayed relative to the climatological year. We suggest that the higher boreal summer insolation at the time strengthened the tropical Pacific zonal winds as well as the gradients in sea surface temperature, and thereby led to an enhanced annual cycle and suppressed ENSO. As the weak ENSO is subject to interdecadal amplitude modulation, we conclude that amplitude modulation is likely to remain robust under altered climates. Our findings show that ENSO is capable of responding to external forcing. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information distributor In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. Native Format(s) https://doi.org/10.25921/kcda-nz73 HTTPS Landing Page Metadata Landing Page NCEI landing page with general information and links to access the data. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/14968 HTTPS Web Browser NOAA Study Page Study page with data access information. search https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/coral-sclerosponge HTTPS Information NCEI Coral Page General information for this data type. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/kiritimati2013-xm35-srca-noaa.txt HTTPS Download /coral/east_pacific/kiritimati2013-xm35-srca-noaa.txt Coral download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/kiritimati2013-xm35-d18o-noaa.txt HTTPS Download /coral/east_pacific/kiritimati2013-xm35-d18o-noaa.txt Coral download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/kiritimati2013-xm22-srca-noaa.txt HTTPS Download /coral/east_pacific/kiritimati2013-xm22-srca-noaa.txt Coral download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/kiritimati2013-modstack2-noaa.txt HTTPS Download /coral/east_pacific/kiritimati2013-modstack2-noaa.txt Coral download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/kiritimati2013-modstack1-noaa.txt HTTPS Download /coral/east_pacific/kiritimati2013-modstack1-noaa.txt Coral download asNeeded This ISO metadata record was translated from DIF metadata using dif-9x-to-iso-19115-2.xsl Version: 2022-06-21