gov.noaa.nodc:0157389 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-03-26T06:39:47Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, nutrients and other variables collected from surface discrete sampling using flow through pump and other instruments from NOAA Ship Gordon Gunter in the U.S. East Coast during the East Coast Ocean Acidification (GU-15-04 ECOA1) from 2015-06-20 to 2015-07-23 (NCEI Accession 0157389) 2017-02-17 publication 2023-05-19 revision 2016-12-09 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.7289/v5cv4fts NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0157389 NCEI Archive Management System 0157389 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Shawn M. Shellito University of New Hampshire (UNH) shawn.shellito@unh.edu resourceProvider University of New Hampshire (UNH) resourceProvider Joseph Salisbury University of New Hampshire (UNH) Joe.Salisbury@unh.edu principalInvestigator Wei-Jun Cai University of Delaware wcai@udel.edu http://www.udel.edu/ HTTP University of Delaware website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Rik Wanninkhof NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Leticia Barbero Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) Leticia.Barbero@noaa.gov https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Shawn Shellito University of New Hampshire (UNH) shawn.shellito@unh.edu principalInvestigator Bror Jonsson University of New Hampshire (UNH) bror.jonsson@unh.edu principalInvestigator Chris Langdon University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) clangdon@rsmas.miami.edu http://www.rsmas.miami.edu HTTP University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Antonio Mannino NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) antonio.mannino-1@nasa.gov principalInvestigator Salisbury, Joseph E. University of New Hampshire (UNH) author NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) contributor University of Delaware http://www.udel.edu/ HTTP University of Delaware website Institution web page information contributor University of Miami (UM) http://www.miami.edu/ HTTP University of Miami (UM) website Institution web page information contributor University of New Hampshire (UNH) contributor NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information contributor tableDigital This dataset contains dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, nutrients and other variables collected from surface discrete sampling using flow through pump and other instruments from NOAA Ship Gordon Gunter in the U.S. East Coast during the East Coast Ocean Acidification (GU-15-04 ECOA1). The East Coast Ocean Acidification (ECOA) Cruise on board the R/V Gordan Gunter from Newport, took place in the Gulf of Maine and then along the East US coast to Miami. The effort was in support of the coastal monitoring and research objectives of the NOAA Ocean Acidification Program (OAP). The cruise was designed to obtain a snapshot of key carbon, physical, and biogeochemical parameters as they relate to ocean acidification (OA) in the coastal realm. The cruise included a series of 11 transects approximately orthogonal to the Gulf of Maine and Atlantic coasts and a comprehensive set of underway measurements along the entire transect. To measure key carbon, physical and biogeochemical parameters in coastal waters of the Gulf of Maine and eastern coast of the US in relation to Ocean Acidification. Funding Information: NOAA Ocean Acidification Program (AOML FY2015-FY2017 East and Gulf Coast Ocean Acidification Observing Support: Eastcoast Ocean Acidification Cruise FY15 [ECOA] (Salisbury, NERACOOS), OAPFY15.AOML.ECOA) Funding Information: NOAA Ocean Acidification Program (AOML FY2015-FY2017 East and Gulf Coast Ocean Acidification Observing Support: Eastcoast Ocean Acidification Cruise FY15 [ECOA] (Wanninkhof), OAP1527-1114) Funding Information: NOAA's Ocean Acidification Program (ECOA Cruise, NA11NOS0120034) completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded NCEI Accession 0157389 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0157389 Preview graphic PNG 0157389 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2016-12-08 publication CHLOROPHYLL A Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC) DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON DISSOLVED OXYGEN NITRATE nitrate + nitrite content (concentration) NITRITE NITROGEN - PARTICULATE PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON pH phosphate SALINITY silicate total alkalinity WATER TEMPERATURE theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS spectrophotometer instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS discrete sample surface measurements theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS NOAA Ship Gordon Gunter platform NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS NASA Goddard Space Flight Center NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory University of Delaware University of Miami University of New Hampshire dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS University of New Hampshire dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS NODC Ocean Acidification Scientific Data Stewardship (OADS) US DOC; NOAA; Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research; Ocean Acidification Program (OAP) project NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS East Coast - US/Canada place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication DOC/NOAA/OAR/AOML > Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, OAR, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian GU-15-04 ECOA1 project Cruise ID 33GG20150619 project EXPOCODE Ocean Acidification Program (OAP) Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS) Project project Ocean Acidification Search Keywords East Coast Ocean Acidification (ECOA) project Research Projects EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > ALKALINITY EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > CHLOROPHYLL EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > INORGANIC CARBON EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > NITRATE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > NITRITE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > NITROGEN EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > ORGANIC CARBON EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > ORGANIC MATTER EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > OXYGEN EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > PH EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > PHOSPHATE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > SILICATE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > WATER TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > SALINITY theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Discrete measurement Surface measurement theme OCADS Study Type ECOA theme Provider Keywords ALKALI CDOM DIC_AOML DOC HPLC_chl_a NO2 NO2+NO3 NO3 PH_TOT PN PO4 POC Silicate TSG SST TSG Sal oxygen theme Provider Variable Abbreviations OPTSPEC > Optical Spectrometer instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Ships platform Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian GORDON GUNTER (call sign: WTEO, ICES code: 33GG, 1998-) platform ICES/SeaDataNet Ship Codes OCEAN > ATLANTIC OCEAN > NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian East Coast of the U.S. place Provider Geographic Names accessLevel: Public otherRestrictions Cite as: Salisbury, Joseph E. (2017). Dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, nutrients and other variables collected from surface discrete sampling using flow through pump and other instruments from NOAA Ship Gordon Gunter in the U.S. East Coast during the East Coast Ocean Acidification (GU-15-04 ECOA1) from 2015-06-20 to 2015-07-23 (NCEI Accession 0157389). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7289/v5cv4fts. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. Salisbury, Joseph; Reimer, Janet (2016). East Coast Ocean Acidification Cruise (ECOA-1) Cruise Report. NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/gcc/ECOA/ 2016 publication https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/gcc/ECOA/ HTTPS https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/gcc/ECOA/ Related resource information crossReference project Salisbury, Joseph E. (2016). Dissolved oxygen, CDOM, Chl a, temperature, salinity and other variables collected from profile and continuous observations using CTD and other instruments from NOAA Ship Gordon Gunter off the U.S. East Coast during the 2015 East Coast Ocean Acidification (ECOA) Cruise from 2015-06-20 to 2015-07-23 (NCEI Accession 0157080). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7289/v5s180js. 2016-12-12 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.7289/v5s180js NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0157080 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0157080.html HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0157080.html Related dataset information Salisbury, Joseph E. University of New Hampshire (UNH) author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher tableDigital crossReference project Salisbury, Joseph E. (2017). Dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, nutrients and other variables collected from profile and discrete sample observations during NOAA Ship Gordon Gunter East Coast Ocean Acidification (ECOA-1) cruise GU-15-04 (EXPOCODE 33GG20150619) off the U.S. East Coast, North Atlantic Ocean from 2015-06-19 to 2015-07-23 (NCEI Accession 0159428). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7289/v5vt1q40. 2017-01-31 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.7289/v5vt1q40 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0159428 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0159428.html HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0159428.html Related dataset information Salisbury, Joseph E. University of New Hampshire (UNH) author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher tableDigital crossReference project NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022). Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system 2022-04 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system OCADS website information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital [accessed 2024-02-08] crossReference program eng; USA utf8 environment oceans -80.8671 -62.2498 23.66 44.7053 2015-06-20 2015-07-23 In this accession, NCEI has archived multiple versions of these data. 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Originator data format 3.508 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0157389.html HTTPS Web browser Project Metadata Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://doi.org/10.7289/v5cv4fts HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/157389 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/157389 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0105/0157389/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0157389 v1.1 was published. 2017-02-17T00:45:09Z NCEI Accession 0157389 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0157389/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0157389 v1.1 published 2017-02-17T00:45:09Z download NCEI Accession 0157389 was revised and v2.2 was published. Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2023-05-19T20:16:28Z NCEI Accession 0157389 v2.2 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0157389/2.2 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0157389 v2.2 published 2023-05-19T20:16:28Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: Dissolved Inorganic Carbon; Abbreviation: DIC_AOML; Unit: micromol/kg; Observation type: Surface discrete measurement; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Flow-through pump; Analyzing instrument: Two systems consisting of a coulometer (UIC Inc.) coupled with a Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Extractor (DICE) inlet system. DICE was developed by Esa Peltola and Denis Pierrot of NOAA/AOML and Dana Greeley of NOAA/PMEL to modernize a carbon extractor called SOMMA (Johnson et al. 1985, 1987, 1993, and 1999; Johnson 1992); Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Samples for total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) measurements were drawn according to procedures outlined in the Handbook of Methods for CO2 Analysis (DOE 1994) from Flow-through pump into cleaned 294-ml glass bottles. Bottles were rinsed and filled from the bottom, leaving 6 ml of headspace; care was taken not to entrain any bubbles. After 0.2 ml of saturated HgCl2 solution was added as a preservative, the sample bottles were sealed with glass stoppers lightly covered with Apiezon-L grease and were stored at room temperature for a maximum of 12 hours prior to analysis. The DIC analytical equipment was set up in a seagoing laboratory van. The analysis was done by coulometry with two analytical systems (AOML3 and AOML4) used simultaneously on the cruise. In the coulometric analysis of DIC, all carbonate species are converted to CO2 (gas) by addition of excess hydrogen ion (acid) to the seawater sample, and the evolved CO2 gas is swept into the titration cell of the coulometer with pure air or compressed nitrogen, where it reacts quantitatively with a proprietary reagent based on ethanolamine to generate hydrogen ions. In this process, the solution changes from blue to colorless, triggering a current through the cell and causing coulometrical generation of OH- ions at the anode. The OH- ions react with the H+, and the solution turns blue again. A beam of light is shone through the solution, and a photometric detector at the opposite side of the cell senses the change in transmission. Once the percent transmission reaches its original value, the coulometric titration is stopped, and the amount of CO2 that enters the cell is determined by integrating the total charge during the titration. The pipette volume was determined by taking aliquots at known temperature of distilled water from the volumes. The weights with the appropriate densities were used to determine the volume of the pipettes. Calculation of the amount of CO2 injected was according to the CO2 handbook (DOE 1994). The instrument has a salinity sensor, but all DIC values were recalculated to a molar weight (umol/kg) using density obtained from the CTD's salinity. The DIC values were corrected for dilution by 0.2 ml of saturated HgCl2 used for sample preservation. A correction was also applied for the offset from the CRM. This additive correction was applied for each cell using the CRM value obtained in the beginning of the cell. The average correction was 2.13 umol/kg. While both systems worked very well during the cruise, they occasionally had high blanks. Normally the blank is less than 30, but we were forced to run them with blanks in the 12-38 range. Several relatively minor problems occurred with AOML 3 during the cruise; (1) A power problem on 06/20/2015 with the coulometer was resolved by plugging several items into different outlets instead of all into the same power strip, (2) Pipette filling problem (liquid level sensor error) which started on 06/28/2015 was resolved on 07/08/2015 by replacing sample tubing and valve/inlet 13, (3) the coulometer was malfunctioning on 07/10/2015 and not responding to the computer/labview program and was switched out with an older version coulometer (AOML5), which was used for the remainder of the cruise, and (4) a field point communication error occurred on 07/16/2015 and was resolved by tightening the serial port connection to DICE 3. AOML 4 worked well during the cruise with no problems. Underway samples were collected from the flow thru system in the Wet Lab during transits between station lines. Discrete DIC samples were collected every hour with duplicates every fifth sample.; Replicate information: Duplicates were collected on most CTD stations and every 5th sample for the underway discrete sampling. A total of 184 duplicates were collected from the discrete CTD samples which had an average difference of 1.09umol/kg and STDEV of 0.77. A total of 44 duplicates were collected for the discrete underway samples which had an average difference of 1.31 umol/kg and STDEV of 0.92. A duplicate data file is included.; Standardization description: The coulometers were calibrated by injecting aliquots of pure CO2 (99.99%) by means of an 8-port valve outfitted with two sample loops with known gas volumes bracketing the amount of CO2 extracted from the water samples for the two AOML systems.; Standardization frequency: The stability of each coulometer cell solution was confirmed three different ways: two sets of gas loops were measured at the beginning; also the Certified Reference Material (CRM), Batch 121, supplied by Dr. A. Dickson of SIO, was measured at the beginning; and the duplicate samples at the beginning, middle, and end of each cell solution. The coulometer cell solution was replaced after 25 mg of carbon was titrated, typically after 9-12 hours of continuous use.; CRM manufacturer: Dr. A. Dickson (SIO); Preservation method: saturated HgCl2; Preservative volume: 0.2 ml; Preservative correction: The DIC values were corrected for dilution by 0.2 ml of saturated HgCl2 used for sample preservation. The total water volume of the sample bottles was 288 ml (calibrated by Esa Peltola, AOML). The correction factor used for dilution was 1.0007.; Uncertainty: none; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value, 5 = value not reported, 6 = mean of replicate measurements, 9 = sample not drawn.; Method reference: DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). (1994). Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Seawater. Version 2.0. ORNL/CDIAC-74. Ed. A. G. Dickson and C. Goyet. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Johnson, K.M., Kortzinger, A.; Mintrop, L.; Duinker, J.C.; and Wallace, D.W.R. (1999). Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Measurement and internal consistency of underway surface TCO2 concentrations. Marine Chemistry 67:123-44. Johnson, K.M., Wills, K.D.; Butler, D.B.; Johnson, W.K.; and Wong, C.S. (1993). Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Maximizing the performance of an automated gas extraction. Johnson, K.M. (1992). Operator's Manual: Single-Operator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzer (SOMMA) for Total Carbon Dioxide (CT) with Coulometric Detection. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven, N.Y. Johnson, K.M.; Williams, P.J.; Brandstrom, L.; and McN. Sieburth, J. (1987). Coulometric total carbon analysis for marine studies: Automation and calibration. Marine Chemistry 21:117-33.; Researcher name: Rik Wanninkhof1, Leticia Barbero1, 2; Researcher institution: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1, University of Miami, CIMAS2 Parameter or Variable: Total alkalinity; Abbreviation: ALKALI; Unit: umol/kg; Observation type: Surface discrete measurement; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: manipulation condition; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Flow through pump; Analyzing instrument: Semi-automated total alkalinity titration system (AS-ALK2, Apollo Scitech). This system consists of two high precision Kloehn digital pumps which are equipped with 1 ml and 25 ml syringes, an Orion Star A211 pH meter (Thermo Scientific), and an Orion 8102BN ROSS combination pH electrode (Thermo Scientific), and a thermostated water bath.; Type of titration: Gran titration; Cell type (open or closed): Open; Curve fitting method: Linear least squares regression; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Samples were measured within 24 hours of collection except for samples collected from station 19, which were poisoned with saturated HgCl2. TA samples were collected directly from Flow-through pump into 250 ml ground-glass borosilicate bottles without HgCl2 poisoning. TA was determined on 25 mL seawater samples by potentiometric titration, using 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and an open-cell titration system. All TA samples were analyzed in pre-thermostated glass cells. For each sample analysis, subsamples were sequentially analyzed at least twice until we obtained two replicates with a precision within 0.1%.; Replicate information: 50 duplicates were sampled during the cruise.; Standardization description: The pH electrode was calibrated with three pH buffers (NBS) 4.01, 7.00, and 10.01. Recalibration was done every 12 to 24 hours. The concentration of HCl solution was standardized by the Certified Reference Material (CRM, batch#121 and batch#141). In addition, CRM was also used as sample to check the stability of the TA titration system every 12 hours or when necessary.; Standardization frequency: The concentration of hydrochloric acid was standardized once per day using the Certified Reference Material (CRM).; CRM manufacturer: Dr. A. G. Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography; CRM batch number: Batch#121 and batch#141; Preservation method: N/A; Preservative volume: N/A; Preservative correction: N/A; TA blank correction: N/A; Uncertainty: The precision of this method is better than 0.1% and accuracy is 0.1%.; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value, 5 = value not reported, 6 = mean of replicate measurements, 9 = sample not drawn.; Method reference: Gran, G. (1952). "Determination of the equivalence point in potentiometric titrations. Part II." Analyst 77(920): 661-671. Cai, W. J., X. P. Hu, W. J. Huang, L. Q. Jiang, Y. C. Wang, T. H. Peng and X. Zhang (2010). "Alkalinity distribution in the western North Atlantic Ocean margins." Journal of Geophysical Research 115: C08014. Huang, W. J., Y. C. Wang and W. J. Cai (2012). "Assessment of sample storage techniques for total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater." Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 10: 711-717. Dickson, A. G., C. L. Sabine and J. R. Christian (2007). "Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 Measurements."; Researcher name: Wei-Jun Cai; Researcher institution: University of Delaware Parameter or Variable: pH; Abbreviation: PH_TOT; pH scale: Total; Observation type: Surface discrete measurement; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: manipulation condition; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Flow through pump; Analyzing instrument: The pH was measured using the spectrophotometric method on the total hydrogen ion concentration pH scale. The analyzing system consists of an Agilent 8453 UV-visible spectroscopy system, a high precision Kloehn digital pump, a 10-cm light path quartz cell, a thermostated water bath, and a custom-made temperature-control system for spectrophotometer cell.; Temperature of pH measurement: 20 C and 25 C. The temperature of measurement for each sample is given under the variable abbreviation "PH_TOT_TEMP".; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Seawater was sampled directly from the flow-through pump into a narrow neck 125 mL borosilicate glass bottle. After filling the bottle, we let several hundred mL of seawater overflow and then capped the bottle. While awaiting analysis, the samples were stored in the dark. Seawater was analyzed within 2 hours of collection. During analysis, the absorbance of a seawater blank was first measured at three wavelengths (578, 434, and 730 nm). Then the absorbance of the mixture of concentrated purified dye m-cresol purple (30 micro-liter, ~2 mmol/L, MCP) and seawater was measured at the same wavelengths. In addition, a double dye addition experiment was carried out at sea to evaluate the influence on pH due to the addition of dye into seawater.; Replicate information: 73 duplicates were sampled during the cruise.; Standardization description: The pH data was guaranteed by purified m-cresol purple which was supplied by Dr. Robert H. Byrne at University of South Florida.; At what temperature was pH reported: 20 C and 25 C. Reported at the temperature of measurement.; Uncertainty: less than 0.001 pH units; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value, 5 = value not reported, 6 = mean of replicate measurements, 9 = sample not drawn.; Method reference: Liu, X. W., M. C. Patsavas and R. H. Byrne (2011). "Purification and Characterization of meta-Cresol Purple for Spectrophotometric Seawater pH Measurements." Environmental Science and Technology 45(11): 4862-4868. Clayton, T. D. and R. H. Byrne (1993). "Spectrophotometric seawater pH measurements - total hydrogen-ion concentration scale calibration of m-cresol purple and at-sea results." Deep-Sea Research Part I 40(10): 2115-2129. Dickson, A. G., C. L. Sabine and J. R. Christian (2007). "Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 Measurements."; Researcher name: Wei-Jun Cai; Researcher institution: University of Delaware Parameter or Variable: Underway Sea Surface Temp; Abbreviation: TSG SST; Unit: deg c; Observation type: surface underway; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Measured; Calculation method and parameters: TSG-thermosalinograph; Sampling instrument: SBE-45 sn# 4551416-0260; Uncertainty: accuracy 0.002 with a percision of 0.0002; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value, 5 = value not reported, 6 = mean of replicate measurements, 9 = sample not drawn.; Researcher name: Joe Salisbury; Researcher institution: Ocean Processes Analysis Laboratory, University of New Hampshire Parameter or Variable: Underway Sea Surface Salinity; Abbreviation: TSG Sal; Unit: PSU; Observation type: surface underway; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Measured; Calculation method and parameters: TSG-thermosalinograph; Sampling instrument: SBE-45 sn# 4551416-0260; Uncertainty: accuracy 0.0003 S/m with a precision of 0.0003 S/m; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value, 5 = value not reported, 6 = mean of replicate measurements, 9 = sample not drawn.; Researcher name: Joe Salisbury; Researcher institution: Ocean Processes Analysis Laboratory, University of New Hampshire Parameter or Variable: bottle dissolved oxygen; Abbreviation: oxygen; Unit: umol/kg; Observation type: Surface discrete measurement; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: measured; Sampling instrument: Flow through pump; Analyzing instrument: Automated oxygen titrator using amperometric end-point detection (Langdon 2010).; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Samples were drawn from the flow-through pump into volumetrically calibrated 125 ml iodine titration flasks using Tygon tubing with a silicone adaptor that fit over the petcock to avoid contamination of DOC samples. Bottles were rinsed three times and filled from the bottom, overflowing three volumes while taking care not to entrain any bubbles. The draw temperature was taken using a digital thermometer with a flexible thermistor probe that was inserted into the flask while the sample was being drawn during the overflow period. These temperatures were used to calculate concentrations, and a diagnostic check of flow-through pump integrity. One ml of MnCl2 and one ml of NaOH/NaI were added immediately after drawing of the sample was concluded using a Repipetor, the flasks were then stoppered and shaken well. DIW was added to the neck of each flask to create a water seal. The flasks were stored in the lab in plastic totes at room temperature for at least 1 hour before analysis. Twenty-four samples plus duplicates were drawn from each station except the shallow coastal stations where fewer samples were drawn depending on the depth or as directed by the chief scientist. Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an automated oxygen titrator using amperometric end-point detection (Langdon 2010). The titration of the samples and the data logging and graphical display was performed on a PC running a LabView program written by Ulises Rivero of AOML. The titrations were performed in a climate controlled lab at 18.5-20 degrees Celsius. Thiosulfate was dispensed by a 2 ml Gilmont syringe driven with a stepper motor controlled by the titrator. Tests in the lab were performed to confirm that the precision and accuracy of the volume dispensed were comparable or superior to the Dosimat 665. The whole-bottle titration technique of Carpenter (1965) with modifications by Culberson et al. (1991) was used. Four to three replicate 10 ml iodate standards were run 13 times during the cruise. The reagent blank was determined at the beginning and end of the cruise. A titration was made to 1 ml of iodate standard. The volume of thiosulfate required for the titration is V1. An additional 1 ml of standard was added to the titrated sample and titrated again. The volume of thiosulfate used for the second titration is V2. The reagent blank was determined as the difference between V1 and V2.; Replicate information: 135 duplicate samples were drawn.; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value, 5 = value not reported, 6 = mean of replicate measurements, 9 = sample not drawn.; Method reference: Carpenter, J.H. (1965). The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method. Limnol. Oceanogr. 10: 141-143 Culberson, C.H. and Huang, S. (1987). Automated amperometric oxygen titration. Deep-Sea Res. 34: 875-880. Culberson, C.H.; Knapp, G.; Stalcup, M.; Williams, R.T. and Zemlyak, F. (1991). A comparison of methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater. WHP Operations and Methods. Langdon, C. (2010). Determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater by Winkler titration using the amperometric technique. The GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography Manual: A Collection of Expert Reports and Guidelines. E. M. Hood, C. L. Sabine and B. M. Sloyan, IOCCP Report Number 14, ICPO Publication Series Number 134.; Researcher name: Chris Langdon; Researcher institution: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science/University of Miami Parameter or Variable: Orthosilicic acid; Abbreviation: Silicate; Unit: micro-mol/kg; Observation type: Surface discrete measurement; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Measured; Analyzing instrument: Continuous flow analyzer (CFA) using the standard and analysis protocols for the WOCE hydrographic program as set forth in the manual by L.I. Gordon, et al. (1993).; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Nutrient samples were collected from flow-through pump after at least three seawater rinses. Sample analysis typically began within a few hours of sample collection after the samples had warmed to room temperature. Those samples not analyzed within 3 hours were refrigerated for later analysis. Samples were analyzed for phosphate (PO4- 3), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-) and orthosilicic acid (H4SiO4). Silicic acid was analyzed using a modification of Armstrong et al. (1967). The sample is reacted with ammonium molybdate in an acidic solution to form molybdosilicic acid. The molybdosilicic acid was then reduced with ascorbic acid to form molybdenum blue. The absorbance of the molybdenum blue was measured at 660 nm.; Uncertainty: A mixed stock standard consisting of silicic acid, phosphate and nitrate was prepared by dissolving high purity standard materials (KNO3, KH2PO4 and Na2SiF6) in deionized water using a two step dilution for phosphate and nitrate. This standard was stored at room temperature. A nitrite stock standard was prepared dissolving NaNO2 in distilled water, and this standard was stored in a refrigerator on the ship. Working standards were prepared fresh daily by diluting the stock solutions in low nutrient seawater. The mixed standards were verified against commercial standards, and in-lab standards.; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value, 5 = value not reported, 6 = mean of replicate measurements, 9 = sample not drawn.; Method reference: Armstrong, F.A.J., Stearns, C.R. and Strickland, J.D.H. (1967). The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Res. 14:381-389. Gordon, L.I., Jennings Jr., J.C., Ross, A.A. and Krest, J.M. (1993). A suggested protocol for the continuous automated analysis of seawater nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicic acid) in the WOCE Hydrographic program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. WOCE Operations Manual, vol. 3: The Observational Programme, Section 3.2: WOCE Hydrographic Programme, Part 3.1.3: WHP Operations and Methods. WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1; WOCE Report No. 68/91. November 1994, Revision 1, Woods Hole, MA., USA, 52 loose-leaf pages.; Researcher name: Jia-Zhong Zhang; Researcher institution: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Parameter or Variable: nitrite; Abbreviation: NO2; Unit: micro-mol/kg; Observation type: Surface discrete measurement; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Flow-through pump; Analyzing instrument: Continuous flow analyzer (CFA) using the standard and analysis protocols for the WOCE hydrographic program as set forth in the manual by L.I. Gordon, et al. (1993).; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Nutrient samples were collected from Flow-through pump, after at least three seawater rinses. Sample analysis typically began within a few hours of sample collection after the samples had warmed to room temperature. Those samples not analyzed within 3 hours were refrigerated for later analysis. Samples were analyzed for phosphate (PO4- 3), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-) and orthosilicic acid (H4SiO4). Nitrite was determined by diazotizing the sample with sulfanilamide and coupling with N-1 naphthyl ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form an azo dye. The color produced is measured at 540 nm.; Uncertainty: A mixed stock standard consisting of silicic acid, phosphate and nitrate was prepared by dissolving high purity standard materials (KNO3, KH2PO4 and Na2SiF6) in deionized water using a two step dilution for phosphate and nitrate. This standard was stored at room temperature. A nitrite stock standard was prepared dissolving NaNO2 in distilled water, and this standard was stored in a refrigerator on the ship. Working standards were prepared fresh daily by diluting the stock solutions in low nutrient seawater. The mixed standards were verified against commercial standards, and in-lab standards.; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value, 5 = value not reported, 6 = mean of replicate measurements, 9 = sample not drawn.; Method reference: Armstrong, F.A.J., Stearns, C.R. and Strickland, J.D.H. (1967). The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Res. 14:381-389. Gordon, L.I., Jennings Jr., J.C., Ross, A.A. and Krest, J.M. (1993). A suggested protocol for the continuous automated analysis of seawater nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicic acid) in the WOCE Hydrographic program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. WOCE Operations Manual, vol. 3: The Observational Programme, Section 3.2: WOCE Hydrographic Programme, Part 3.1.3: WHP Operations and Methods. WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1; WOCE Report No. 68/91. November 1994, Revision 1, Woods Hole, MA., USA, 52 loose-leaf pages.; Researcher name: Jia-Zhong Zhang; Researcher institution: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Parameter or Variable: nitrate; Abbreviation: NO3; Unit: micro-mol/kg; Observation type: Surface discrete measurement; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Flow-through pump; Analyzing instrument: Continuous flow analyzer (CFA) using the standard and analysis protocols for the WOCE hydrographic program as set forth in the manual by L.I. Gordon, et al. (1993).; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Nutrient samples were collected from the flow-through pump, after at least three seawater rinses. Sample analysis typically began within a few hours of sample collection after the samples had warmed to room temperature. Those samples not analyzed within 3 hours were refrigerated for later analysis. Samples were analyzed for phosphate (PO4- 3), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-) and orthosilicic acid (H4SiO4). Samples for nitrate analysis were passed through a cadmium column, which reduced nitrate to nitrite, and the resulting nitrite concentration (i.e. the sum of nitrate + nitrite which is signified as N+N) was then determined as described above. Nitrate concentrations were determined from the difference of N+N and nitrite.; Uncertainty: A mixed stock standard consisting of silicic acid, phosphate and nitrate was prepared by dissolving high purity standard materials (KNO3, KH2PO4 and Na2SiF6) in deionized water using a two step dilution for phosphate and nitrate. This standard was stored at room temperature. A nitrite stock standard was prepared dissolving NaNO2 in distilled water, and this standard was stored in a refrigerator on the ship. Working standards were prepared fresh daily by diluting the stock solutions in low nutrient seawater. The mixed standards were verified against commercial standards, and in-lab standards.; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value, 5 = value not reported, 6 = mean of replicate measurements, 9 = sample not drawn.; Method reference: Armstrong, F.A.J., Stearns, C.R. and Strickland, J.D.H. (1967). The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Res. 14:381-389. Gordon, L.I., Jennings Jr., J.C., Ross, A.A. and Krest, J.M. (1993). A suggested protocol for the continuous automated analysis of seawater nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicic acid) in the WOCE Hydrographic program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. WOCE Operations Manual, vol. 3: The Observational Programme, Section 3.2: WOCE Hydrographic Programme, Part 3.1.3: WHP Operations and Methods. WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1; WOCE Report No. 68/91. November 1994, Revision 1, Woods Hole, MA., USA, 52 loose-leaf pages.; Researcher name: Jia-Zhong Zhang; Researcher institution: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Parameter or Variable: Sum of nitrite and nitrate; Abbreviation: NO2+NO3; Unit: micro-mol/kg; Observation type: Surface discrete measurement; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Flow through pump; Analyzing instrument: Continuous flow analyzer (CFA) using the standard and analysis protocols for the WOCE hydrographic program as set forth in the manual by L.I. Gordon, et al. (1993).; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Nutrient samples were collected from flow-through pump, after at least three seawater rinses. Sample analysis typically began within a few hours of sample collection after the samples had warmed to room temperature. Those samples not analyzed within 3 hours were refrigerated for later analysis. Samples were analyzed for phosphate (PO4- 3), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-) and orthosilicic acid (H4SiO4). Samples were passed through a cadmium column, which reduced nitrate to nitrite, and the resulting nitrite concentration (i.e. the sum of nitrate + nitrite which is signified as N+N) was then determined as described above.; Uncertainty: A mixed stock standard consisting of silicic acid, phosphate and nitrate was prepared by dissolving high purity standard materials (KNO3, KH2PO4 and Na2SiF6) in deionized water using a two step dilution for phosphate and nitrate. This standard was stored at room temperature. A nitrite stock standard was prepared dissolving NaNO2 in distilled water, and this standard was stored in a refrigerator on the ship. Working standards were prepared fresh daily by diluting the stock solutions in low nutrient seawater. The mixed standards were verified against commercial standards, and in-lab standards.; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value, 5 = value not reported, 6 = mean of replicate measurements, 9 = sample not drawn.; Method reference: Armstrong, F.A.J., Stearns, C.R. and Strickland, J.D.H. (1967). The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Res. 14:381-389. Gordon, L.I., Jennings Jr., J.C., Ross, A.A. and Krest, J.M. (1993). A suggested protocol for the continuous automated analysis of seawater nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicic acid) in the WOCE Hydrographic program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. WOCE Operations Manual, vol. 3: The Observational Programme, Section 3.2: WOCE Hydrographic Programme, Part 3.1.3: WHP Operations and Methods. WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1; WOCE Report No. 68/91. November 1994, Revision 1, Woods Hole, MA., USA, 52 loose-leaf pages.; Researcher name: Jia-Zhong Zhang; Researcher institution: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Parameter or Variable: phosphate; Abbreviation: PO4; Unit: micro-mol/kg; Observation type: Surface discrete measurement; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Flow-through pump; Analyzing instrument: Continuous flow analyzer (CFA) using the standard and analysis protocols for the WOCE hydrographic program as set forth in the manual by L.I. Gordon, et al. (1993).; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Nutrient samples were collected from flow-through pump, after at least three seawater rinses. Sample analysis typically began within a few hours of sample collection after the samples had warmed to room temperature. Those samples not analyzed within 3 hours were refrigerated for later analysis. Samples were analyzed for phosphate (PO4- 3), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-) and orthosilicic acid (H4SiO4). Phosphate was determined by reacting the sample with molybdic acid to form phosphomolybdic acid. This complex was subsequently reduced with hydrazine, and the absorbance of the resulting phosphomolybdous acid was measured at 710 nm.; Uncertainty: A mixed stock standard consisting of silicic acid, phosphate and nitrate was prepared by dissolving high purity standard materials (KNO3, KH2PO4 and Na2SiF6) in deionized water using a two step dilution for phosphate and nitrate. This standard was stored at room temperature. A nitrite stock standard was prepared dissolving NaNO2 in distilled water, and this standard was stored in a refrigerator on the ship. Working standards were prepared fresh daily by diluting the stock solutions in low nutrient seawater. The mixed standards were verified against commercial standards, and in-lab standards.; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value, 5 = value not reported, 6 = mean of replicate measurements, 9 = sample not drawn.; Method reference: Armstrong, F.A.J., Stearns, C.R. and Strickland, J.D.H. (1967). The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Res. 14:381-389. Gordon, L.I., Jennings Jr., J.C., Ross, A.A. and Krest, J.M. (1993). A suggested protocol for the continuous automated analysis of seawater nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicic acid) in the WOCE Hydrographic program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. WOCE Operations Manual, vol. 3: The Observational Programme, Section 3.2: WOCE Hydrographic Programme, Part 3.1.3: WHP Operations and Methods. WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1; WOCE Report No. 68/91. November 1994, Revision 1, Woods Hole, MA., USA, 52 loose-leaf pages.; Researcher name: Jia-Zhong Zhang; Researcher institution: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Parameter or Variable: particulate nitrogen; Abbreviation: PN; Unit: milligrams per cubic meter; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Sampled were collected via flow-through pump. POC/PN samples are collected in 0.5, 1.04 or 2.2 Liter, brown polypropylene bottles. Samples are filtered on precombusted Whatman GF/F 25mm under low vacuum pressure (40 mm Hg) Filter is removed, folded in half with the particulate part inside the fold and wrapped in precombusted aluminum foil. Samples are stored in Liquid Nitrogen and transferred post cruise to a -80 degrees Celsius freezer until processed.; Method reference: Hedges, J.I. and J.H. Stern. 1984. Carbon and nitrogen determinations of carbonate-containing solids. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 657-663.; Researcher name: Antonio Mannino; Researcher institution: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Parameter or Variable: particulate organic carbon; Abbreviation: POC; Unit: milligrams per cubic meter; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Samples were collected via flow-through pump. POC/PN samples are collected in 0.5, 1.04 or 2.2 Liter, brown polypropylene bottles. Samples are filtered on precombusted Whatman GF/F 25mm under low vacuum pressure (40 mm Hg) Filter is removed, folded in half with the particulate part inside the fold and wrapped in precombusted aluminum foil. Samples are stored in Liquid Nitrogen and transferred post cruise to a -80degrees Celsius freezer until processed.; Method reference: Hedges, J.I. and J.H. Stern. 1984. Carbon and nitrogen determinations of carbonate-containing solids. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 657-663.; Researcher name: Antonio Mannino; Researcher institution: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Parameter or Variable: Dissolved Organic Carbon; Abbreviation: DOC; Unit: micromol/kg; Observation type: Surface discrete measurement; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Flow-through pump; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Samples were collected via flow-through pump. The samples were filtered under a gentle vacuum (less than 5 in Hg) through pre-combusted (6 hours at 450 degree C) 47mm GFF filters and separated into 2 or 3 (depending on depth) 40ml vials for DOC and one 125ml bottle for CDOM. The DOC vials were frozen and the CDOM bottles refrigerated. DOC and CDOM samples were analyzed by Antonio Mannino's laboratory at NASA Goddard.; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value, 5 = value not reported, 6 = mean of replicate measurements, 9 = sample not drawn.; Method reference: Mannino, A., M. E. Russ, and S. B. Hooker (2008), Algorithm development and validation for satellite-derived distributions of DOC and CDOM in the U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C07051, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004493; Researcher name: Antonio Mannino; Researcher institution: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Parameter or Variable: Colored dissolved organic matter at different wavelengths; Abbreviation: CDOM; Unit: milligrams per cubic meter; Observation type: Profile; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Flow-through pump; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Samples were collected via flow-through pump. The samples were filtered under a gentle vacuum (less than 5 in Hg) through pre-combusted (6 hours at 450 degree C) 47mm GFF filters and separated into 2 or 3 (depending on depth) 40ml vials for DOC and one 125ml bottle for CDOM. The DOC vials were frozen and the CDOM bottles refrigerated. DOC and CDOM samples were analyzed by Antonio Mannino's laboratory at NASA Goddard.; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value, 5 = value not reported, 6 = mean of replicate measurements, 9 = sample not drawn.; Method reference: Mannino, A., M. E. Russ, and S. B. Hooker (2008), Algorithm development and validation for satellite-derived distributions of DOC and CDOM in the U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C07051, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004493; Researcher name: Antonio Mannino; Researcher institution: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Parameter or Variable: chlorophyll a concentration via pigment scan; Abbreviation: HPLC_chl_a; Unit: milligrams per cubic meter; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Samples were taken using flow-through pump from the surface, mix layer, and where applicable at a third depth between the surface and mix layer. The samples were run through precombusted (6 hours at 450 degree C) 25mm GFF filters, placed in precombusted aluminum foil, and stored in liquid nitrogen until analysis.; Quality flag convention: WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value, 5 = value not reported, 6 = mean of replicate measurements, 9 = sample not drawn.; Method reference: Van Heukelem, L. and C.S. Thomas, 2001: Computer-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography method development with applications to the isolation and analysis of phytoplankton pigments. J.Chromatogr. A, 910, 31-49.; Researcher name: Antonio Mannino; Researcher institution: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian spectrophotometer spectrophotometer spectrophotometer, optical spectrometer, spectrograph or spectroscope An optical spectrometer (spectrophotometer, spectrograph or spectroscope) is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. Butler, L. R. P.; Laqua, K. (1995). "Nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis-IX. Instrumentation for the spectral dispersion and isolation of optical radiation (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)". Pure Appl. Chem. IUPAC. 67 (10): 1725–1744. doi:10.1351/pac199567101725. A spectrometer is the general term for describing a combination of spectral apparatus with one or more detectors to measure the intensity of one or more spectral bands." NOAA Ship Gordon Gunter Updated information for the vessel GORDON GUNTER from UNITED STATES(US). Name : GORDON GUNTER Country(s) : UNITED STATES(US) (ISO Country Code) Platform Class : 31 Research vessel Call Sign : WTEO IMO : 8835255 Pennant : R 336 Title : NOAA Ship Commissioned Date : 1998-08-28 Current Length : 68.3 Built : 1989-05-12 Previous Name (Notes): Relentless Notes : Built as the U.S. Naval Ship RELENTLESS (T-AGOS 18). Transferred to NOAA in 1993. Information Sources: - http://www.moc.noaa.gov/gu/index.html - http://www.seasearcher.com/lmiu/vessels/overview.htm?vesselID=341240 Confirmed by NOAA on 2010-09-10.