gov.noaa.nodc:0276818 eng utf8 model NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-03-31T16:32:07Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Historical simulations of surface and subsurface thermal structure and ice conditions in the Laurentian Great Lakes from 1980-01-01 to 2021-12-31 (NCEI Accession 0276818) 2023-02-24 publication 2023-02-22 creation NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0276818 NCEI Archive Management System 0276818 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher David J. Cannon University of Michigan David.Cannon@ucf.edu resourceProvider University of Michigan resourceProvider David Cannon University of Michigan https://www.purdue.edu/ HTTPS University of Michigan website Institution web page information pointOfContact James Kessler NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/ HTTP NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) website Institution web page information collaborator Ayumi Fujisaki-Manome University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) https://ciglr.seas.umich.edu/ HTTPS University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Jia Wang University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) https://ciglr.seas.umich.edu/ HTTPS University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Cannon, David University of Michigan https://www.purdue.edu/ HTTPS University of Michigan website Institution web page information author Kessler, James NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/ HTTP NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) website Institution web page information author Fujisaki-Manome, Ayumi University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research https://ciglr.seas.umich.edu/ HTTPS University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) website Institution web page information author Wang, Jia University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research https://ciglr.seas.umich.edu/ HTTPS University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR) website Institution web page information author tableDigital This dataset includes daily time series (January 1, 1980 - December 31, 2021) of simulated lake- and bay-averaged lake surface temperature (LST; °C), lake bottom temperature (LBT; °C), ice cover concentration (ICC, %), ice thickness (ICT; m); ice volume (ICV; m3); and Schmidt stability index (SSI; J∙m2). Schmidt stability indices are included for full lakes (Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario), but not for other subregions. Model output covers all five Laurentian Great Lakes (Lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, and Ontario) as well as several ecologically important bays in Lake Michigan and Lake Huron (Georgian Bay, Green Bay, Grand Traverse Bay, Little Traverse Bay, North Channel, Saginaw Bay, and the Straits of Mackinaw). Data were generated using the Great Lake Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (GL-FVCOM), developed as part of the Great Lakes Earth System Model project at NOAA GLERL. Simulations were generated as part of a study investigating historical changes in subsurface thermal structure in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Funding Agency: US DOC; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0276818 Preview graphic PNG 0276818 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2023-02-14 publication ICE - COVERAGE Ice Depth/Thickness SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE WATER TEMPERATURE theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS model output theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS University of Michigan dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Great Lakes place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication NA17OAR4320152 project Provider Project Names EARTH SCIENCE > CRYOSPHERE > SEA ICE > ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > WATER TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SEA ICE > ICE EXTENT theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Day Ice Cover Concentration (ICC) Ice Thickness (ICT) Ice Volume (ICV) Lake Bottom Temperature (LBT) Lake Surface Temperature (LST) Month Schmidt stability index (SSI) Year theme Provider Keywords GL-FVCOM instrument Provider Instruments CONTINENT > NORTH AMERICA > CANADA > GREAT LAKES, CANADA CONTINENT > NORTH AMERICA > UNITED STATES OF AMERICA > GREAT LAKES place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian LCMP37 Send2NCEI Submission Package ID accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Cannon, David; Kessler, James; Fujisaki-Manome, Ayumi; Wang, Jia (2023). Historical simulations of surface and subsurface thermal structure and ice conditions in the Laurentian Great Lakes from 1980-01-01 to 2021-12-31 (NCEI Accession 0276818). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0276818. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. 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Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. Text File PDF 9.104 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0276818 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/276818 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/276818 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0211/0276818/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0276818 v1.1 was published. 2023-02-24T14:59:33Z NCEI Accession 0276818 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0276818/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0276818 v1.1 published 2023-02-24T14:59:33Z download model Parameter or Variable: Lake Surface Temperature (LST) (calculated); Units: degrees C; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: GL-FVCOM; Sampling and Analyzing Method: area-averaged lake surface temperature computed over all grid cells in lake/bay (horizontal grid resolution: 4.75km). Model output (3 hourly) were daily averaged. Parameter or Variable: Lake Bottom Temperature (LBT) (calculated); Units: degrees C; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: GL-FVCOM; Sampling and Analyzing Method: area-averaged lake bottom temperature computed over all grid cells in lake/bay (horizontal grid resolution: 4.75km). Bottom temperature was extracted from bottom sigma-layer in each grid cell. Model output (3 hourly) were daily averaged. Parameter or Variable: Ice Cover Concentration (ICC) (calculated); Units: %; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: GL-FVCOM; Sampling and Analyzing Method: area-averaged ice cover concentration computed over all grid cells in lake/bay (horizontal grid resolution: 4.75km). Model output (3 hourly) were daily averaged. Parameter or Variable: Ice Thickness (ICT) (calculated); Units: m; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: GL-FVCOM; Sampling and Analyzing Method: area-averaged ice thickness computed over all ice-covered grid cells in lake/bay (horizontal grid resolution: 4.75km). Average thickness is computed for the total ice-covered area, not the total surface area. Model output (3 hourly) were daily averaged. Parameter or Variable: Ice Volume (ICV) (calculated); Units: m3; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: GL-FVCOM; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Total ice volume computed over all grid cells in lake/bay (horizontal grid resolution: 4.75km). Model output (3 hourly) were daily averaged. Parameter or Variable: Schmidt stability index (SSI) (calculated); Units: Jm2; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: GL-FVCOM; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Schmidt stability index was calculated from subsurface temperatures (interpolated to a constant 5m vertical resolution) following Idso (1973). SSI estimates were computed lakewide using depth variable surface areas. The SSI provides an estimate of the strength of stratification, where higher SSI magnitudes indicate stronger vertical density gradients. Model output (3 hourly) were daily averaged. Parameter or Variable: Year (calculated); Units: common year; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: GL-FVCOM; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Year of model output Parameter or Variable: Month (calculated); Units: month; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: GL-FVCOM; Sampling and Analyzing Method: month of model output Parameter or Variable: Day (calculated); Units: day; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: GL-FVCOM; Sampling and Analyzing Method: day of model output asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian