{
  "@type": "dcat:Dataset",
  "accessLevel": "public",
  "bureauCode": [
    "019:20"
  ],
  "contactPoint": {
    "@type": "vcard:Contact",
    "fn": "Joachim Seel",
    "hasEmail": "mailto:jseel@lbl.gov"
  },
  "dataQuality": true,
  "description": "In this project, we model optimized hourly dispatch under energy, capacity, and ancillary-service market opportunities using a linear optimizer with perfect price and generation foresight and are sharing the hourly solar and storage generation profiles for our sample here using the base scenario. \n\nLarge-scale (1MW+) co-located solar and battery storage projects are expanding rapidly in the United States, but their realized contribution to the bulk power system remains poorly understood because public project-level operating data are limited. The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory estimates the wholesale market value of 280 operational photovoltaic-plus-storage (PV+S) projects across the seven ISOs/RTOs and 19 additional balancing authorities, representing roughly 95% of the U.S. PV+S fleet in 2024. \n\nIn the full briefing compare the modeled optimized wholesale market value with the value of standalone PV, project-specific levelized cost estimates, and empirical operating or revenue data where available. Under optimized dispatch with perfect price foresight, adding batteries could have increased the national generation-weighted market value of solar from $29/MWh to $75/MWh in 2024, primarily through higher capacity value, followed by ancillary-service and energy shifting revenue. For projects with available cost data, optimized PV+S market value exceeded levelized generation cost by nearly $35/MWh from 2020-2024 when accounting for tax credits. Empirical operations of 51 projects captured substantial but incomplete value: in 2024, observed PV+S operations realized $39/MWh, or 62% of modeled optimized value, with the storage premium reaching only 38% of its optimized potential.\n\nThe gap between optimized and empirical value reflects multiple barriers that prevent projects from offering their full value to the bulk power system, including: limited participation in wholesale markets such as ancillary services that remain lucrative in some regions; tax-driven grid-charging restrictions for older projects; simplistic rule-based dispatch (charge in the middle of the day and discharge in the evening); imperfect price and generation forecasting; weak or missing price signals in non-ISO regions; and dispatch incentives tied to contracts or state programs rather than bulk-system value. These findings suggest that PV+S can be cost-effective from a wholesale-market perspective, but that improved market participation, forecasting, and alignment of operational incentives are needed for projects to realize their full system value proposition. ",
  "distribution": [
    {
      "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
      "accessURL": "https://emp.lbl.gov/utility-scale-storage",
      "description": "Main project page where results from the DOE funded research project are published.",
      "format": "HTML",
      "mediaType": "text/html",
      "title": "Utility Scale Solar and Storage Operations Homepage"
    },
    {
      "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
      "description": "A readme describing the plant-level hourly optimization results.",
      "downloadURL": "https://data.openei.org/files/8687/OEDI_PVS_dispatch_data_README.md",
      "format": "md",
      "mediaType": "application/octet-stream",
      "title": "OEDI PVS Dispatch Data README.md"
    },
    {
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      "description": "Modeled Hourly Optimized Solar and Storage Profiles 2020-2024. Scenario: Grid Charge False DegThresh 10 AS True Market DA.",
      "downloadURL": "https://data.openei.org/files/8687/Grid%20Charge%20False%20DegThresh%2010%20AS%20True%20Market%20DA.zip",
      "format": "zip",
      "mediaType": "application/zip",
      "title": "Plant-level hourly solar and storage profiles without grid charging.zip"
    },
    {
      "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
      "description": "Modeled Hourly Optimized Solar and Storage Profiles 2020-2024. Scenario: Grid Charge True DegThresh 10 AS True Market DA.\n",
      "downloadURL": "https://data.openei.org/files/8687/Grid%20Charge%20True%20DegThresh%2010%20AS%20True%20Market%20DA.zip",
      "format": "zip",
      "mediaType": "application/zip",
      "title": "Plant-level hourly solar and storage profiles with grid charging.zip"
    },
    {
      "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
      "description": "Research Product of the Year 1 economic valuation of modeled and empirical PV+storage dispatch data covering the years 2020-2024.",
      "downloadURL": "https://data.openei.org/files/8687/LBNL%202026-%20Identifying%20Barriers%20to%20Solar%20and%20Storage%20Hybrids%20Year%201%20Briefing.pdf",
      "format": "pdf",
      "mediaType": "application/pdf",
      "title": "LBNL 2026- Identifying Barriers to Solar and Storage Hybrids Year 1 Briefing.pdf"
    },
    {
      "@type": "dcat:Distribution",
      "description": "Summarize annual modeled wholesale market value across energy, capacity, and ancillary service value for US large scale co-located solar+storage projects.  Data sources include EIA, FERC, Hitachi, and LBNL PV+S dispatch model.",
      "downloadURL": "https://data.openei.org/files/8687/Optimized%20Annual%20PV%20and%20PVS%20Market%20Values.xlsx",
      "format": "xlsx",
      "mediaType": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet",
      "title": "Optimized Annual PV and PVS Market Values.xlsx"
    }
  ],
  "identifier": "https://data.openei.org/submissions/8687",
  "issued": "2026-05-12T06:00:00Z",
  "keyword": [
    "LBNL",
    "PV",
    "PVS",
    "United States",
    "ancillary services",
    "batteries",
    "capacity",
    "capacity value",
    "data",
    "energy",
    "energy value",
    "generation",
    "generation profiles",
    "hourly solar",
    "linear optimizer",
    "market",
    "model",
    "operations",
    "optimization",
    "price",
    "solar",
    "storage",
    "wholesale markets"
  ],
  "landingPage": "https://data.openei.org/submissions/8687",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "modified": "2026-05-14T19:58:54Z",
  "programCode": [
    "019:000",
    "019:008"
  ],
  "projectNumber": "52952",
  "projectTitle": "Identifying Barriers to Solar and Storage Hybrids",
  "publisher": {
    "@type": "org:Organization",
    "name": "Lawrence Berkeley National Lab"
  },
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  "title": "Modeled Utility-Scale Solar+Storage Operations 2020-2024"
}