gov.noaa.nodc:0000817 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2025-03-19T23:30:28Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Monthly and annual mean seawater temperature, salinity and density from 26 tide gauge sites during 1855-1993 (NCEI Accession 0000817) 2002-11-18 publication 2015-08-21 revision 2002-11-18 creation NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0000817 NCEI Archive Management System 0000817 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher George A. Maul Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) gmaul@marine.fit.edu http://www.fit.edu HTTP Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) http://www.fit.edu HTTP Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) website Institution web page information resourceProvider George Maul Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) http://www.fit.edu HTTP Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Andia M. Davis Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) http://www.fit.edu HTTP Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) website Institution web page information collaborator Jeffrey W. Simmons Bahamas Department of Meteorology collaborator Maul, George A. Florida Institute of Technology http://www.fit.edu HTTP Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) website Institution web page information author Davis, Andia M. Florida Institute of Technology http://www.fit.edu HTTP Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) website Institution web page information author Simmons, Jeffrey W. Bahamas Department of Meteorology author NOAA Office of Coast Survey (OCS) contributor tableDigital Tidal observers at primary tide gauges of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (now the NOAA National Ocean Service) routinely measured seawater temperature and density throughout most of the 20th century with select sites well before. All available records for 26 sites have been digitized, although more paper file records may still exist for others. Students at Florida Institute of Technology provided the key entry and quality control. The purpose was to study trends in sea water temperature and density in support of increasing the scientific understanding of low-frequency changes across a wide spatial domain of the coastal United States. To study trends in sea water temperature and density in support of increasing the scientific understanding of low-frequency changes across a wide spatial domain of the coastal United States. completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded NCEI Accession 0000817 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0000817 Preview graphic PNG 0000817 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2002-11-18 publication SALINITY WATER DENSITY WATER TEMPERATURE theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS bucket hydrometer thermometer instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS physical surface measurements theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS FIXED PLATFORM OF UNITED STATES platform NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS NOAA Office of Coast Survey dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Florida Institute of Technology dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON) project NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS Coastal Waters of Gulf of Mexico Coastal Waters of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia Coastal Waters of Western U.S. North American Coastline-North North American Coastline-South place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NODC > National Oceanographic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce DOC/NOAA/NOS/OCS > Office of Coast Survey, National Ocean Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > WATER TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > DENSITY EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > SALINITY theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian USA Tide Stations theme None HYDROMETERS > HYDROMETERS THERMOMETERS > THERMOMETERS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian FIXED OBSERVATION STATIONS > FIXED OBSERVATION STATIONS platform Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian OCEAN > ATLANTIC OCEAN > NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN > ATLANTIC OCEAN > NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN > GULF OF AMERICA OCEAN > ATLANTIC OCEAN > NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN > GULF OF MEXICO OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Astoria, Oregon Atlantic City, New Jersey Baltimore, Maryland Boston, Massachusetts Breakwater, Delaware Cedar Keys, Florida Charleston, South Carolina Continental United States coasts Daytona Beach, Florida Eastern United States coast Eastport, Maine Galveston, Texas Ketchikan, Alaska Key West, Florida Kodiak Island (Women's Bay), Alaska La Jolla, California Los Angeles Harbor, California New York (The Battery), New York Pensacola, Florida Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Port Townsend, Washington Portland, Maine San Francisco, California Sandy Hook, New Jersey Seattle, Washington Seward, Alaska Sitka, Alaska United States Alaska coast United States Gulf coast Western United States coast place Originator Locations accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Maul, George A.; Davis, Andia M.; Simmons, Jeffrey W. (2002). Monthly and annual mean seawater temperature, salinity and density from 26 tide gauge sites during 1855-1993 (NCEI Accession 0000817). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0000817. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. eng; USA utf8 environment oceans -152.52 -66.99 24.9 60.12 1855-01-01 1993-12-31 Tidal observers at primary tide gauges of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (now the NOAA National Ocean Service) routinely measured seawater temperature and density. Many records extend back to the early part of the last century, the longest record extant being San Francisco (Carvalho and Maul, 1997). For the most part, these records have not been digitized nor analyzed for climatic signatures to our knowledge. Unfortunately, many of the 81 or so USA tidal station temperature records have missing data and/or are too short for analysis of linear trend. Modern tide gauges typically have seawater temperature sensors reporting in their data-stream, but the traditional analog systems relied on the skill of the observer to measure, record, summarize, and report temperature and density. The missing records are probably not the fault of field observers, and may well yet be discovered in misfiled reports. Herein, records that span most of the last 100 years are entered into spreadsheet files, and are made available. Most of the digitizing is the product of work-study students at Florida Tech. Quality control and quality assurance utilize standard methods including plots and visual outlier detection. All data were converted from Fahrenheit to Celsius. Data were provided as photocopies (and more recently digitized records) of the station sheets filed with each tide station folder. In most cases the data included monthly and annual mean temperatures, monthly and annual maximum and minimum temperatures, monthly and annual mean seawater density and maximum and minimum density. Almost all data in the photocopies are hand entries; monthly and annual means were mechanically calculated. Temperatures and densities from the tidal station sheets were placed into spreadsheets manually. Plots of monthly data were made to determine errors or outliers. Finally the digitized tables were compared to the photocopies to ensure accurate copying. As with meteorological stations, tide gauge stations are moved from time to time. The usual emphasis in sea level continuity is through benchmark checks by differential leveling. No such practice seems to have been emphasized with the seawater temperature or density observations, but considering the tradition of excellence within the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey since its founding by President Thomas Jefferson in 1807, it is reasonable to assume the historical information is reliable. Quantifying the standard errors associated with these monthly or annual means is problematic. The observer traditionally visited the tide gauge on a daily basis, and recorded the data by hand on summary sheets and on the marigram itself (USC&GS, 1929). Temperature and density typically are from bucket samples and thus represent true sea surface observations. Well-designed and calibrated thermometers are usually read at least to the nearest one-degree F or to the nearest 0.5 degree C, and estimating the number of observations per month to be 30, it seems reasonable to assume the monthly mean standard error is less than +/- 0.1 deg C. Observer error then is probably negligible for the purposes of determining trends. The bounding latitude/longitudes are the extremes from the 26 fixed positions for the tide gauge stations. In this accession, NCEI has archived multiple versions of these data. The latest (and best) version of these data has the largest version number. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. Originator data format 9.868 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0000817 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/817 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/817 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0001/0000817/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0000817 v1.1 was published. 2002-11-18T14:08:36Z NCEI Accession 0000817 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0000817/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0000817 v1.1 published 2002-11-18T14:08:36Z download NCEI Accession 0000817 was revised and v2.2 was published. Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2015-08-21T17:53:24Z NCEI Accession 0000817 v2.2 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0000817/2.2 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0000817 v2.2 published 2015-08-21T17:53:24Z download repository NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015. 2015-04-22T00:00:00 asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian bucket bucket bucket hydrometer hydrometer a device for measuring seawater density thermometer thermometer generic thermometer or reversing thermometer use thermometer when temperature is a data type, but the exact instrument used to measure temperature is unknown FIXED PLATFORM OF UNITED STATES FIXED PLATFORM OF UNITED STATES