gov.noaa.nodc:0304217 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-06-08T13:21:07Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) AIR TEMPERATURE, Surface pressure, and others collected from FIXED STATIONS OF CANADA in Canada from 1768-09-11 to 1884-02-29 (NCEI Accession 0304217) 2025-05-14 publication 2025-05-12 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/g637-9093 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0304217 NCEI Archive Management System 0304217 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher McGill University resourceProvider Victoria Slonosky McGill University victoria.slonosky@mail.mcgill.ca principalInvestigator Slonosky, Victoria Open Data Rescue, McGill University author Black, Rachel Nova Scotia Provincial Archives author Podolsky, Lori Texas A&M Archives https://www.tamu.edu/ HTTPS Texas A&M University (TAMU) website Institution web page information author tableDigital Historical weather journals from across Canada, spanning 1768 - 1884, have been transcribed from handwritten records into machine readable formats. The NORTHERN (Nineteenth-century Overseas Records Transcribed for Historical Environmental Reconstruction in the North) project transcribed nearly 2 million weather observations from 45 locations. The original documents are in archives outside Canada, including the US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the National Centres for Environmental Information (NCEI) and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO). Observers recorded from three to twenty weather variables, in most cases two or three times daily. Validation procedures are carried out with export files produced in both the original format and in SI units. Observations of pressure, temperature, precipitation, snow depth, cloud cover, cloud type, wind direction and wind force are transcribed along with detailed descriptions of events including fires, floods, ice formation and break up, storms and other weather phenomena. Here we present a collection of digitally transcribed (machine readable) and quality-controlled historical weather observations for 18th and 19th century Canada. These observations were housed in archives outside present-day Canadian territory. The main source of these observations is the United States National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), specifically those housed in the NARA M1958 collection, consisting of eight rolls of microfilms of weather records from 19th century sources outside the contiguous United States.13 We designate this source “NARA M1958”. Additional records were found in the US National Centres for Environmental Information (NCEI) “Forts” Dataset14,15 designated here “NCEI-Forts” and in the United Kingdom Meteorological Office archives (designated “UKMO”). These data will be used to expand knowledge of Canada’s climate variability and extreme values for three centuries and to improve global reanalysis data products. completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0304217 Preview graphic PNG 0304217 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2025-05-09 publication AIR TEMPERATURE AIR TEMPERATURE - DRY BULB AIR TEMPERATURE - WET BULB BAROMETRIC PRESSURE cloud amount/frequency cloud type dew point PRECIPITATION precipitation type RELATIVE HUMIDITY Snow thickness WEATHER WIND DIRECTION WIND FORCE theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS barometer rain gauge thermometer visual observation instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS in situ meteorological theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS FIXED STATIONS OF CANADA platform NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS McGill University dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS meteorology theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE > SURFACE TEMPERATURE > AIR TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE > SURFACE TEMPERATURE > DEW POINT TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR > WATER VAPOR INDICATORS > HUMIDITY > RELATIVE HUMIDITY EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC WINDS > SURFACE WINDS > WIND DIRECTION EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > CLOUDS > CLOUD PROPERTIES > CLOUD FREQUENCY EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > CLOUDS > CLOUD TYPES EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > PRECIPITATION EARTH SCIENCE > CRYOSPHERE > SNOW/ICE > SNOW DEPTH theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Surface pressure vapour pressure theme Provider Keywords BAROMETERS > BAROMETERS RAIN GAUGES > RAIN GAUGES THERMOMETERS > THERMOMETERS VISUAL OBSERVATIONS > VISUAL OBSERVATIONS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian calculated dry bulb thermometer psychrometer ruler wet bulb thermometer instrument Provider Instruments FIXED OBSERVATION STATIONS > FIXED OBSERVATION STATIONS platform Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian CONTINENT > NORTH AMERICA > CANADA place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Canada place Provider Place Names 0RXU9H Send2NCEI Submission Package ID accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Slonosky, Victoria; Black, Rachel; Podolsky, Lori (2025). AIR TEMPERATURE, Surface pressure, and others collected from FIXED STATIONS OF CANADA in Canada from 1768-09-11 to 1884-02-29 (NCEI Accession 0304217). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/g637-9093. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. license This dataset has been dedicated to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication. SPDX License: Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal (CC0-1.0) Slonosky V, Black, R, Podolsky L., Transcribing Canadian Weather Data from Smithsonian Records: the NORTHERN (Nineteenth-century Overseas Records Transcribed for Historical Environmental Reconstruction in the North) Project 2025 publication https://github.com/open-data-rescue/ODR-weather-data-files/blob/main/Technical%20Report-%20%20Canadian%20archival%20observations.docx HTTPS https://github.com/open-data-rescue/ODR-weather-data-files/blob/main/Technical%20Report-%20%20Canadian%20archival%20observations.docx Related technical report information Slonosky, Victoria author Black, Rachel author Podolsky, Lori author Open Data Rescue publisher crossReference project eng; USA utf8 environment oceans climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere -135 -52.6 42 69.1 1768-09-11 1884-02-29 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. TXT CSV 868.892 https://doi.org/10.25921/g637-9093 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/304217 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/304217 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0234/0304217/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0304217 v1.1 was published. 2025-05-14T16:01:16Z NCEI Accession 0304217 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0304217/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0304217 v1.1 published 2025-05-14T16:01:16Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: AIR TEMPERATURE (measured); Units: centidegrees Celsius; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: thermometer Parameter or Variable: Surface pressure (measured); Units: hPa; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: barometer Parameter or Variable: PRECIPITATION (measured); Units: mm; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: rain gauge Parameter or Variable: precipitation type (measured); Units: text; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: visual observation Parameter or Variable: cloud type (measured); Units: text; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: visual observation Parameter or Variable: cloud amount/frequency (measured); Units: okta; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: visual observation Parameter or Variable: WIND DIRECTION (measured); Units: direction; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: visual observation Parameter or Variable: Snow thickness (measured); Units: mm; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: ruler Parameter or Variable: RELATIVE HUMIDITY (measured); Units: percent; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: psychrometer Parameter or Variable: AIR TEMPERATURE - WET BULB (measured); Units: degrees C; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: wet bulb thermometer Parameter or Variable: AIR TEMPERATURE - DRY BULB (measured); Units: degrees C; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: dry bulb thermometer Parameter or Variable: vapour pressure (calculated); Units: hPa; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: calculated Parameter or Variable: DEWPOINT (calculated); Units: degrees C; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: thermometer Parameter or Variable: WIND FORCE (measured); Units: m/s; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: visual observation Parameter or Variable: WEATHER (measured); Units: text; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: visual observation asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian barometer barometer Barometers are instruments for measuring atmospheric pressure; two types include mercury barometers and aneroid barometers. rain gauge rain gauge A device to measure the amount of liquid precipitation The definition of liquid precipitation is any form of water falling from the sky as rain. Rain gauge measures the amount of liquid precipitation. thermometer thermometer generic thermometer or reversing thermometer use thermometer when temperature is a data type, but the exact instrument used to measure temperature is unknown visual observation visual observation not an instrument - maybe an observation type FIXED STATIONS OF CANADA FIXED STATIONS OF CANADA