{"accessLevel": "public", "bureauCode": ["010:12"], "contactPoint": {"@type": "vcard:Contact", "fn": "Rachel E. Henderson (Hehre)", "hasEmail": "mailto:rehenderson@usgs.gov"}, "description": "Hurricane Sandy made U.S. landfall, coincident with astronomical high tides, near Atlantic City, New Jersey, on October 29, 2012. The storm, the largest on historical record in the Atlantic basin, affected an extensive area of the east coast of the United States. The highest waves and storm surge were focused along the heavily populated New York and New Jersey coasts. At the height of the storm, a record significant wave height of 9.6 meters (m) was recorded at the wave buoy offshore of Fire Island, New York (fig. 1, inset). During the storm an overwash channel opened a breach in the location of Old Inlet, in the Otis Pike High Dunes Wilderness area. This breach is now referred to as the Wilderness Breach (fig. 1).\nFire Island, New York is the site of a long term coastal morphologic change and processes project conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). One of the objectives of the project was to understand the morphologic evolution of the barrier system on a variety of time scales (days - years - decades - centuries). In response to Hurricane Sandy, this effort continued with the intention of resolving storm impacts post-storm beach response and recovery. The day before Hurricane Sandy made landfall (October 28, 2012), a USGS field team conducted differential global positioning system (DGPS) surveys at Fire Island to quantify the pre-storm morphologic state of the beach and dunes. The area was re-surveyed after the storm, as soon as access to the island was possible. In order to fully capture the recovery of the barrier system, the USGS Hurricane Sandy Supplemental Fire Island Study was established include collection in the weeks, months, and years following the storm.\nAs part of the USGS Hurricane Sandy Supplemental Fire Island Study, the beach is monitored periodically to enable better understanding of post-Sandy recovery. The alongshore state of the beach is recorded using a DGPS to collect data around the mean high water (MHW; 0.46 meter North American Vertical Datum of 1988) to derive a shoreline, and the cross-shore response and recovery are measured along a series of 15 profiles. Monitoring continued in the weeks following Hurricane Sandy with additional monthly collection through April 2013 and repeat surveys every 2-3 months thereafter until October 2014.  Bi-annual surveys have been collected through September 2016. Beginning in October 2014 the USGS also began collecting shoreline data at the Wilderness Breach. See below for survey collection dates for all data types.\nFor along shore shoreline data, the MHW shoreline (0.46 m [NAVD 88]; Weber and others, 2005) is derived from the field data using an interpolation method that creates a series of equally-spaced cross-shore profiles between the two survey lines that flank the MHW contour. The foreshore slope is assumed to be uniform on each profile. Using this slope and the two surveyed positions on each cross-shore profile, a simple geometric calculation is done to find where each profile line intersects the MHW contour.\nThis shapefile FIIS_Shorelines_Oct2012_Sept2016.shp consists of Fire Island, NY pre- and post-storm shoreline data collected from October 2012 to September 2016. This dataset contains 20 Mean High Water (MHW) shorelines for Fire Island, NY (A total of 22 dates, where two shorelines were collected over multiple days). Prior to and following Hurricane Sandy in October, 2012, continuous alongshore DGPS data were collected to assess the positional changes of the shoreline (MHW - 0.46 m NAVD88) and the upper portion of the beach. In the four years following Sandy, 22 surveys were conducted collecting data along shore-parallel tracks to capture the base of the dune, the mid-beach, and the upper and lower foreshore. The alongshore tracks extend from just west of Fire Island Lighthouse to the western flank of the storm-induced breach in the location of Old Inlet, in the Otis Pike High Dunes Wilderness area.\nOct 28 2012\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nNov 01 2012 \t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nNov 04 2012\t(Cross-shore data only)\nDec 01 2012\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nDec 12 2012\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nJan 10 2013\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nFeb 13 2013\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nMar 13 2013\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nApr 09 2013\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nJun 24 2013\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nSep 18 2013\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nDec 03 2013\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nJan 29 2014\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nJun 11 2014\t(Cross-shore data only)\nSep 09 2014\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nOct 07 2014\t(Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline)\nJan 21 2015\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline)\nMar 19 2015\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nMay 16 2015\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline)\nSet 28 2015\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline)\nJan 21 2016\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nJan 25 2016\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data)\nApr 06 2016\t(Cross-shore data only)\nApr 11 2016\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline)\nJun 16 2016\t(Cross-shore data only)\nSep 27 2016\t(MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline)", "distribution": [{"@type": "dcat:Distribution", "accessURL": "https://doi.org/10.5066/F7G15Z17", "description": "Landing page for access to the data", "format": "XML", "mediaType": "application/http", "title": "Digital Data"}, {"@type": "dcat:Distribution", "description": "The metadata original format", "downloadURL": "https://data.usgs.gov/datacatalog/metadata/USGS.65b44cea-c325-4356-a173-4a4a90bcad44.xml", "format": "XML", "mediaType": "text/xml", "title": "Original Metadata"}], "identifier": "http://datainventory.doi.gov/id/dataset/USGS_65b44cea-c325-4356-a173-4a4a90bcad44", "keyword": ["Accretion", "Atlantic Ocean", "Baseline", "DSAS", "Digital Shoreline Analysis System", "Erosion", "FIIS", "Fire Island", "Fire Island Lighthouse", "Fire Island National Seashore", "Hurricane Sandy", "Mean High Water Shoreline", "National Park Service", "New York", "Northeast Region", "October 2012", "Shoreline", "St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center", "U.S. Geological Survey", "USGS:65b44cea-c325-4356-a173-4a4a90bcad44", "coastal processes", "elevation", "environment", "geology", "geomorphology", "geoscientificInformation", "oceans", "unconsolidated deposits"], "modified": "2020-10-13T00:00:00Z", "publisher": {"@type": "org:Organization", "name": "U.S. Geological Survey"}, "spatial": "-73.228542, 40.627352, -72.896291, 40.724312", "theme": ["geospatial"], "title": "Shorelines_Oct2012_Sep2016.shp: Fire Island, NY pre and post storm shoreline data from October 2012 to September 2016"}