gov.noaa.nodc:0309237 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-06-08T13:23:07Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Southern Ocean CO2 Machine Learning data products (SOCOML) from 1972-11-20 to 2025-02-23 (NCEI Accession 0309237) 2025-11-10 publication 2025-11-04 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/8c29-rv75 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0309237 NCEI Archive Management System 0309237 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Wanqin Zhong wqzhong@whu.edu.cn resourceProvider Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas de Vigo (IIM) https://www.iim.csic.es/ HTTPS Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas de Vigo (IIM) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Wanqin Zhong Jimei University, Ministry of Natural Resources wqzhong@whu.edu.cn principalInvestigator Yingxu Wu Jimei University, Ministry of Natural Resources principalInvestigator Di Qi Jimei University, Ministry of Natural Resources qidi@tio.org.cn principalInvestigator Zhong, Wanqin Jimei University, Ministry of Natural Resources author Wu, Yingxu Jimei University, Ministry of Natural Resources author Qi, Di Jimei University, Ministry of Natural Resources qidi@tio.org.cn author Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas de Vigo (IIM) https://www.iim.csic.es/ HTTPS Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas de Vigo (IIM) website Institution web page information contributor tableDigital This dataset consists of a comprehensive, quality-controlled reconstruction of key carbonate system parameters in the Southern Ocean interior—including total alkalinity (TA), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pH (total scale), nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4), silicate (SiO4), anthropogenic carbon (Cₐₙₜ), and aragonite saturation (Ωₐᵣ)—by leveraging machine learning techniques (ESPER_NN) and integrating all available Argo float profiles with ship-based survey data. The resulting datasets are gridded at 1°×1° horizontal resolution and 84 vertical pressure levels (0-5,600 dbar), and are provided as distinct climatological products: the Float Grid (using all Argo float profiles) and the All-Data Grid (integrating all available Argo and ship-based observations). The Float Grid is further separated into the Non-O₂-Float Grid (limited to Core Argo floats) and O₂-Float Grid (limited to oxygen-measured Biogeochemical Argo floats). Each gridded product is accompanied by uncertainty estimates. The climatological products covers nearly the whole Southern Ocean based on direct measurements instead of applying interpolating mapping methods, thereby providing a more robust result. Model performance is assessed through cross-comparison of Argo and shipboard measurements. This dataset is available to the public for a wide variety of uses including scientific research and analysis. Funding Information: Independent Research Projects of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) (SML2021SP306) Funding Information: National Natural Science Foundation of China (42576268; 42171464) Funding Information: Fujian Natural Science Foundation (2025J09045) Funding Information: 2024 International Cooperation Seed Funding Project for China’s Ocean Decade Actions (GHZZ3702840002024020000028) Funding Information: Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Program Project (2025BEB017) Funding Information: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (ZNJC202415; 413000028) completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0309237 Preview graphic PNG 0309237 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2025-11-03 publication ARAGONITE SATURATION STATE CARBON - CARBONATE DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC) NITRATE pH phosphate silicate total alkalinity theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer nutrient autoanalyzer pH sensor profiling float titrator instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS chemical model output theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS ARGO PROFILING FLOAT platform NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas de Vigo dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas de Vigo dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS) project NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS Southern Ocean place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS) Project project Ocean Acidification Search Keywords EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > ALKALINITY EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > CARBONATE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > INORGANIC CARBON EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > NITRATE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > PH EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > PHOSPHATE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > SILICATE theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Model output theme OCADS Study Type Model output theme Provider Keywords Cant DIC Nitrate OMEGA_Ar Phosphate Silicate TA pH theme Provider Variable Abbreviations AUTOANALYZER > AUTOANALYZER CO2 ANALYZERS > CO2 ANALYZERS PH METERS > PH METERS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian OCEAN PLATFORMS platform Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian OCEAN > SOUTHERN OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Southern Ocean place Provider Geographic Names accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Zhong, Wanqin; Wu, Yingxu; Qi, Di (2025). Southern Ocean CO2 Machine Learning data products (SOCOML) from 1972-11-20 to 2025-02-23 (NCEI Accession 0309237). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/8c29-rv75. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. license This dataset is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. SPDX License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022). Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system 2022-04 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system OCADS website information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital [accessed 2024-02-08] crossReference program The Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling project (SOCCOM) Cruises 2022 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/SOCCOM/SOCCOM.html HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/SOCCOM/SOCCOM.html Related resource information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital crossReference project Global Ocean Carbon Data 2022 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/ HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/ Related resource information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital crossReference project eng; USA utf8 environment oceans -180 180 -90 -30 1972-11-20 2025-02-23 This data package (Submission ID: BJL53DNXV) was acquired by NCEI from the Scientific Data Integration System (SDIS) at the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) in accordance with the archival submission agreement between NCEI and PMEL. 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Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. netCDF netCDF-4 classic model 539.708 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0309237.html HTTPS Web browser Project Metadata Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://doi.org/10.25921/8c29-rv75 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/309237 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/309237 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0233/0309237/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). 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You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0309237 v1.1 was published. 2025-11-10T21:02:51Z NCEI Accession 0309237 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0309237/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0309237 v1.1 published 2025-11-10T21:02:51Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: Dissolved Inorganic Carbon; Abbreviation: DIC; Unit: μmol/kg; Observation type: Model output; Measured or calculated: CALCULATED; Method reference: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-473 Parameter or Variable: Total alkalinity; Abbreviation: TA; Unit: μmol/kg; Observation type: Model output; Measured or calculated: CALCULATED; Method reference: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-473 Parameter or Variable: pH; Abbreviation: pH; pH scale: TOTALSCALE(T); Observation type: Model output; Measured or calculated: CALCULATED; Method reference: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-473 Parameter or Variable: Nitrate (NO3-); Abbreviation: Nitrate; Unit: μmol/kg; Observation type: Model output; Measured or calculated: CALCULATED; Method reference: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-473 Parameter or Variable: Phosphate (PO4 3-); Abbreviation: Phosphate; Unit: μmol/kg; Observation type: Model output; Measured or calculated: CALCULATED; Method reference: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-473 Parameter or Variable: Silicate concentration in sea water; Abbreviation: Silicate; Unit: μmol/kg; Measured or calculated: CALCULATED; Method reference: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-473 Parameter or Variable: Anthropogenic carbon; Abbreviation: Cant; Unit: μmol/kg; Observation type: Model output; Measured or calculated: CALCULATED; Method reference: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-473 Parameter or Variable: Aragonite saturation state; Abbreviation: OMEGA_Ar; Unit: unitless; Observation type: Model output; Method reference: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-473 asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer measures gaseous carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide gas analyzer has often been referred to as LI-COR, because a lot of researchers choose to use products manufactured by LI-COR incorporation for their carbon dioxide measurement. The main component of a carbon dioxide analyzer is a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopic sensors to detect CO2 in a gaseous environment by its characteristic absorption. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator (insttypes_id 184) to measure carbon dioxide in the water. To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water. nutrient autoanalyzer nutrient autoanalyzer Laboratory Instrument Nutrient Autoanalyzer is a generic term describing an automated flow-thru system used to conduct analyses of several different nutrients (nitrate, ammonium, orthophosphate, and silicate) simultaneously from a seawater sample. For example: SEAL AutoAnalyzer 3 HR Continuous Segmented Flow Analyzer pH sensor pH sensor generic meter used to measure pH Any of a class of instruments used to quantify pH in a water or other type of sample. profiling float profiling float PALACE and other types of profiling drifters any one of several types of free-drifting (floating) instrument packages that measure one or more water column parameters, such as temperature, salinity, etc., along with reporting the date, time, and location of the measurements taken over time. Examples include the P-ALACE or PALACE floats, drifting buoys, etc. titrator titrator titrator ARGO PROFILING FLOAT ARGO PROFILING FLOAT