gov.noaa.nodc:0276505 eng utf8 model NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-05-05T13:12:33Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Hydrographic data-constrained estimates of the global meridional overturning circulation (GMOC) and its interdecadal changes from 1955 to 2017 (NCEI Accession 0276505) 2023-02-06 publication 2023-02-01 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/b70d-ck21 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0276505 NCEI Archive Management System 0276505 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Sang-Ki Lee NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information resourceProvider NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Sang-Ki Lee NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) sang-ki.lee@noaa.gov https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Lee, Sang-Ki NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Lumpkin, Rick NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Gomez, Fabian A. Mississippi State University, Northern Gulf Institute, under grant from NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.northerngulfinstitute.org/ HTTPS Northern Gulf Institute (NGI) website Institution web page information author Yeager, Stephen National Center for Atmospheric Research https://ncar.ucar.edu/ HTTPS National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) website Institution web page information author Lopez, Hosmay NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Takglis, Filippos Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, under grant from NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Dong, Shenfu NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Aguiar, Wilton Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, under grant from NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Kim, Dongmin Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, under grant from NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://cimas.earth.miami.edu/ HTTPS Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) website Institution web page information author Baringer, Molly O. NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Molly.Baringer@noaa.gov https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information contributor tableDigital This dataset contains the decadal means of global meridional overturning circulation(GMOC) and related variables from 1955 to 2017. The dataset is derived from the diagnostic ocean & sea-ice model simulations constrained by historical hydrographic observations. This dataset is available to the public for a wide variety of uses including scientific research and analysis. Funding Agency: US DOC; NOAA; OAR; Climate Program Office Funding Agency: US DOC; NOAA; OAR; Ocean Acidification Program completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0276505 Preview graphic PNG 0276505 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2023-01-24 publication FLUX - HEAT LONGWAVE RADIATION - REFLECTED Potential temperature (theta) PRECIPITATION SALINITY wind stress theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS model output theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS World-Wide Distribution place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication DOC/NOAA/OAR/AOML > Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, OAR, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Hydrographic data-constrained estimates of the ocean circulation project Provider Project Names EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > PRECIPITATION EARTH SCIENCE > CLIMATE INDICATORS > ATMOSPHERIC/OCEAN INDICATORS > OCEAN OVERTURNING EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN HEAT BUDGET > HEAT FLUX EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN HEAT BUDGET > HEAT FLUX > SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN HEAT BUDGET > LONGWAVE RADIATION EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN HEAT BUDGET > SHORTWAVE RADIATION EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN WINDS > WIND STRESS EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > OCEAN SALINITY > OCEAN SALINITY BUDGET > EVAPORATION EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > POTENTIAL DENSITY EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > SALINITY theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian downward long-wave radiation evaporation meridional overturning streamfunction net surface heat flux potential density sensible heat flux short-wave radiation upward long-wave radiation zonal wind stress theme Provider Keywords Global Model instrument Provider Instruments GEOGRAPHIC REGION > GLOBAL OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Global place Provider Place Names EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES > MODELS > OCEAN GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS (OGCM)/REGIONAL OCEAN MODELS service Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Service Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian 4XRWRD Send2NCEI Submission Package ID accessLevel: Public otherRestrictions Cite as: Lee, Sang-Ki; Lumpkin, Rick; Gomez, Fabian A.; Yeager, Stephen; Lopez, Hosmay; Takglis, Filippos; Dong, Shenfu; Aguiar, Wilton; Kim, Dongmin; Baringer, Molly O. (2023). Hydrographic data-constrained estimates of the global meridional overturning circulation (GMOC) and its interdecadal changes from 1955 to 2017 (NCEI Accession 0276505). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/b70d-ck21. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. Lee, S.-K., Lumpkin, R., Gomez, F., Yeager, S., Lopez, H., Takglis, F., Dong, S., Aguiar, W., Kim, D., & Baringer, M. (2023). Human-induced changes in the global meridional overturning circulation are emerging from the Southern Ocean. Communications Earth & Environment, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3 2023-03-13 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3 related journal article information Lee, Sang-Ki NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Lumpkin, Rick NOAA/AOML https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Gomez, Fabian Mississippi State University http://www.msstate.edu HTTP Mississippi State University (MSU) website Institution web page information author Yeager, Stephen National Center for Atmospheric Research https://ncar.ucar.edu/ HTTPS National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) website Institution web page information author Lopez, Hosmay NOAA/AOML https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Takglis, Filippos author Dong, Shenfu Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Aguiar, Wilton author Kim, Dongmin University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Library author Baringer, Molly author Springer Science and Business Media LLC publisher documentDigital Commun Earth Environ 4(1) ISSN 2662-4435 crossReference sciencePaper eng; USA utf8 environment oceans climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere -180 180 -90 90 1955-01-01 2017-01-01 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. netCDF netCDF-3 338.02 https://doi.org/10.25921/b70d-ck21 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/276505 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/276505 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0210/0276505/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0276505 v1.1 was published. 2023-02-06T15:28:29Z NCEI Accession 0276505 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0276505/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0276505 v1.1 published 2023-02-06T15:28:29Z download model Parameter or Variable: meridional overturning streamfunction (calculated); Units: Sverdrup; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: n/a; Sampling and Analyzing Method: gx2.f09_g16.w08.pop.mocsig2.av.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w18.pop.mocsig2.av.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1964; gx2.f09_g16.w28.pop.mocsig2.av.0401_0500.nc: 1965-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w38.pop.mocsig2.av.0401_0500.nc: 1975-1984; gx2.f09_g16.w48.pop.mocsig2.av.0401_0500.nc: 1985-1994; gx2.f09_g16.w58.pop.mocsig2.av.0401_0500.nc: 1995-2004; gx2.f09_g16.w68.pop.mocsig2.av.0401_0500.nc: 2005-2017 Parameter or Variable: potential density (calculated); Units: kilogram per cubic meter; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: n/a; Sampling and Analyzing Method: gx2.f09_g16.w08.pop.pd.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w18.pop.pd.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1964; gx2.f09_g16.w28.pop.pd.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1965-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w38.pop.pd.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1975-1984; gx2.f09_g16.w48.pop.pd.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1985-1994; gx2.f09_g16.w58.pop.pd.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1995-2004; gx2.f09_g16.w68.pop.pd.1a.0401_0500.nc: 2005-2017 Parameter or Variable: Potential temperature (theta) (calculated); Units: degree Celsius; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: n/a; Sampling and Analyzing Method: gx2.f09_g16.w08.pop.temp.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w18.pop.temp.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1964; gx2.f09_g16.w28.pop.temp.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1965-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w38.pop.temp.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1975-1984; gx2.f09_g16.w48.pop.temp.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1985-1994; gx2.f09_g16.w58.pop.temp.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1995-2004; gx2.f09_g16.w68.pop.temp.1a.0401_0500.nc: 2005-2017 Parameter or Variable: salinity (calculated); Units: psu; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: n/a; Sampling and Analyzing Method: gx2.f09_g16.w08.pop.salinity.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w18.pop.salinity.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1964; gx2.f09_g16.w28.pop.salinity.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1965-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w38.pop.salinity.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1975-1984; gx2.f09_g16.w48.pop.salinity.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1985-1994; gx2.f09_g16.w58.pop.salinity.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1995-2004; gx2.f09_g16.w68.pop.salinity.1a.0401_0500.nc: 2005-2017 Parameter or Variable: precipitation (calculated); Units: kilogram per square meter per second; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: n/a; Sampling and Analyzing Method: gx2.f09_g16.w08.pop.prec_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w18.pop.prec_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1964; gx2.f09_g16.w28.pop.prec_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1965-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w38.pop.prec_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1975-1984; gx2.f09_g16.w48.pop.prec_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1985-1994; gx2.f09_g16.w58.pop.prec_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1995-2004; gx2.f09_g16.w68.pop.prec_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 2005-2017 Parameter or Variable: evaporation (calculated); Units: kilogram per square meter per second; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: n/a; Sampling and Analyzing Method: gx2.f09_g16.w08.pop.evap_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w18.pop.evap_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1964; gx2.f09_g16.w28.pop.evap_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1965-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w38.pop.evap_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1975-1984; gx2.f09_g16.w48.pop.evap_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1985-1994; gx2.f09_g16.w58.pop.evap_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1995-2004; gx2.f09_g16.w68.pop.evap_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 2005-2017 Parameter or Variable: net surface heat flux (calculated); Units: watt per square meter; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: n/a; Sampling and Analyzing Method: gx2.f09_g16.w08.pop.shf.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w18.pop.shf.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1964; gx2.f09_g16.w28.pop.shf.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1965-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w38.pop.shf.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1975-1984; gx2.f09_g16.w48.pop.shf.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1985-1994; gx2.f09_g16.w58.pop.shf.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1995-2004; gx2.f09_g16.w68.pop.shf.1a.0401_0500.nc: 2005-2017 Parameter or Variable: short-wave radiation (calculated); Units: watt per square meter; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: n/a; Sampling and Analyzing Method: gx2.f09_g16.w08.pop.shf_qsw.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w18.pop.shf_qsw.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1964; gx2.f09_g16.w28.pop.shf_qsw.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1965-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w38.pop.shf_qsw.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1975-1984; gx2.f09_g16.w48.pop.shf_qsw.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1985-1994; gx2.f09_g16.w58.pop.shf_qsw.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1995-2004; gx2.f09_g16.w68.pop.shf_qsw.1a.0401_0500.nc: 2005-2017 Parameter or Variable: upward long-wave radiation (calculated); Units: watt per square meter; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: n/a; Sampling and Analyzing Method: gx2.f09_g16.w08.pop.lwup_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w18.pop.lwup_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1964; gx2.f09_g16.w28.pop.lwup_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1965-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w38.pop.lwup_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1975-1984; gx2.f09_g16.w48.pop.lwup_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1985-1994; gx2.f09_g16.w58.pop.lwup_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1995-2004; gx2.f09_g16.w68.pop.lwup_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 2005-2017 Parameter or Variable: downward long-wave radiation (calculated); Units: watt per square meter; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: n/a; Sampling and Analyzing Method: gx2.f09_g16.w08.pop.lwdn_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w18.pop.lwdn_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1964; gx2.f09_g16.w28.pop.lwdn_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1965-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w38.pop.lwdn_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1975-1984; gx2.f09_g16.w48.pop.lwdn_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1985-1994; gx2.f09_g16.w58.pop.lwdn_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1995-2004; gx2.f09_g16.w68.pop.lwdn_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 2005-2017 Parameter or Variable: sensible heat flux (calculated); Units: watt per square meter; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: n/a; Sampling and Analyzing Method: gx2.f09_g16.w08.pop.senh_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w18.pop.senh_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1964; gx2.f09_g16.w28.pop.senh_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1965-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w38.pop.senh_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1975-1984; gx2.f09_g16.w48.pop.senh_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1985-1994; gx2.f09_g16.w58.pop.senh_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1995-2004; gx2.f09_g16.w68.pop.senh_f.1a.0401_0500.nc: 2005-2017 Parameter or Variable: zonal wind stress (calculated); Units: dyne per square centimeter; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: n/a; Sampling and Analyzing Method: gx2.f09_g16.w08.pop.taux.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w18.pop.taux.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1955-1964; gx2.f09_g16.w28.pop.taux.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1965-1974; gx2.f09_g16.w38.pop.taux.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1975-1984; gx2.f09_g16.w48.pop.taux.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1985-1994; gx2.f09_g16.w58.pop.taux.1a.0401_0500.nc: 1995-2004; gx2.f09_g16.w68.pop.taux.1a.0401_0500.nc: 2005-2017 asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. 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