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        <gco:CharacterString>A team from the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC), Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) deployed on a two-week research cruise in November 2015 to evaluate the impacts of the 2015 mass coral bleaching event in the Main Hawaiian Islands via towed-diver surveys. Areas surveyed included south Oahu, west Maui, Lana’i, and west Hawaii island. Over the course of 10 survey days, the team surveyed approximately 90 km of 15-m wide transects at depths ranging from 2 to 10 m.

Data provided in this dataset include benthic images that were collected during the towed-diver surveys from a camera that was mounted to the towboard. A downward-facing DSLR camera with strobes collected these photographic quadrat data by capturing an image of the benthos at 15-second intervals during the surveys.

Two additional datasets were collected during the surveys and are documented separately. Towed divers recorded visual estimates of percentage of live coral that was pale and bleached, as well as presence/absence data of condition by generic composition. Oceanographic data was collected continuously throughout each survey with a suite of sensors mounted to the towboard recording conductivity, temperature, depth, fluorometry (chlorophyll-a), turbidity and dissolved oxygen.</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>The 2014–2015 global coral bleaching event brought widespread and severe impacts to the entire Hawaiian archipelago. In 2015, the corals of the Main Hawaiian Islands were subjected to unprecedented levels of thermal stress that resulted in the most severe coral bleaching ever recorded in the islands. To report on the event, local researchers and reef managers conducted free-swimming diver surveys in areas generally accessible via same-day field excursions. In an effort to survey larger high coral cover areas that are difficult for local researchers and managers to access via day-long field trips, a team from CREP deployed on a two-week research cruise in November 2015 aboard the NOAA ship Hi‘ialaka‘i to evaluate the impacts of the 2015 coral bleaching event in the Main Hawaiian Islands via towed-diver surveys.</gco:CharacterString>
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                    <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="revision">revision</gmd:CI_DateTypeCode>
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                <gco:CharacterString>24</gco:CharacterString>
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                    <gco:CharacterString>Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</gco:CharacterString>
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                      <gmd:address>
                        <gmd:CI_Address>
                          <gmd:city>
                            <gco:CharacterString>Greenbelt</gco:CharacterString>
                          </gmd:city>
                          <gmd:administrativeArea>
                            <gco:CharacterString>MD</gco:CharacterString>
                          </gmd:administrativeArea>
                        </gmd:CI_Address>
                      </gmd:address>
                      <gmd:onlineResource>
                        <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
                          <gmd:linkage>
                            <gmd:URL>https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords</gmd:URL>
                          </gmd:linkage>
                          <gmd:protocol>
                            <gco:CharacterString>HTTPS</gco:CharacterString>
                          </gmd:protocol>
                          <gmd:name>
                            <gco:CharacterString>GCMD Keyword Forum Page</gco:CharacterString>
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                          <gmd:description>
                            <gco:CharacterString>Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords</gco:CharacterString>
                          </gmd:description>
                          <gmd:function>
                            <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
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                        </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
                      </gmd:onlineResource>
                    </gmd:CI_Contact>
                  </gmd:contactInfo>
                  <gmd:role>
                    <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="custodian">custodian</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
                  </gmd:role>
                </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
              </gmd:citedResponsibleParty>
            </gmd:CI_Citation>
          </gmd:thesaurusName>
        </gmd:MD_Keywords>
      </gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
      <gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
        <gmd:MD_Keywords>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>CRED</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>CREP</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>Coral Reef Ecosystem Division</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>Coral Reef Ecosystem Program</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>PIFSC</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>TDS</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>Towed-diver surveys</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>towboard</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>towed diver</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:type>
            <gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_KeywordTypeCode" codeListValue="theme">theme</gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode>
          </gmd:type>
          <gmd:thesaurusName>
            <gmd:CI_Citation>
              <gmd:title>
                <gco:CharacterString>None</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:title>
              <gmd:date gco:nilReason="inapplicable" />
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      </gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
      <gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
        <gmd:MD_Keywords>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/33de4965-928a-45d5-acfc-79e006842431" xlink:actuate="onRequest">CAMERA &gt; CAMERA</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:type>
            <gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_KeywordTypeCode" codeListValue="instrument">instrument</gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode>
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              <gmd:title>
                <gco:CharacterString>Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:date>
                    <gco:Date>2026</gco:Date>
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                    <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="revision">revision</gmd:CI_DateTypeCode>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>Greenbelt</gco:CharacterString>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>MD</gco:CharacterString>
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                      </gmd:address>
                      <gmd:onlineResource>
                        <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
                          <gmd:linkage>
                            <gmd:URL>https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords</gmd:URL>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords</gco:CharacterString>
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                    </gmd:CI_Contact>
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                    <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="custodian">custodian</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
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                </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
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            </gmd:CI_Citation>
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      </gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
      <gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
        <gmd:MD_Keywords>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/1bb21d0f-bf48-42b5-8e09-cc0d58407e4a" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Ships</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:type>
            <gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_KeywordTypeCode" codeListValue="platform">platform</gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode>
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          <gmd:thesaurusName>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Keywords</gco:CharacterString>
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                    <gco:Date>2026</gco:Date>
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                    <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="revision">revision</gmd:CI_DateTypeCode>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>MD</gco:CharacterString>
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                            <gmd:URL>https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords</gmd:URL>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>HTTPS</gco:CharacterString>
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                          <gmd:name>
                            <gco:CharacterString>GCMD Keyword Forum Page</gco:CharacterString>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords</gco:CharacterString>
                          </gmd:description>
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                            <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
                          </gmd:function>
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                    <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="custodian">custodian</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
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                </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
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            </gmd:CI_Citation>
          </gmd:thesaurusName>
        </gmd:MD_Keywords>
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      <gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
        <gmd:MD_Keywords>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://vocab.ices.dk/services/pox/GetCodeDetail/SHIPC/33HL" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Hi'ialakai (call sign: WTEY, ICES code: 33HL, 2004-)</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:type>
            <gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_KeywordTypeCode" codeListValue="platform">platform</gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode>
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          <gmd:thesaurusName>
            <gmd:CI_Citation>
              <gmd:title>
                <gco:CharacterString>ICES/SeaDataNet Ship Codes</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:title>
              <gmd:date gco:nilReason="inapplicable" />
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          </gmd:thesaurusName>
        </gmd:MD_Keywords>
      </gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
      <gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
        <gmd:MD_Keywords>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>COUNTRY/TERRITORY &gt; United States of America &gt; Hawaii &gt; Hawaii &gt; Hawaii Island (19N155W0003)</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>COUNTRY/TERRITORY &gt; United States of America &gt; Hawaii &gt; Honolulu &gt; Oahu (21N157W0003)</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>COUNTRY/TERRITORY &gt; United States of America &gt; Hawaii &gt; Maui &gt; Lanai Island (20N156W0002)</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>COUNTRY/TERRITORY &gt; United States of America &gt; Hawaii &gt; Maui &gt; Maui Island (20N156W0004)</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>OCEAN BASIN &gt; Pacific Ocean &gt; Central Pacific Ocean &gt; Hawaiian Islands (21N157W0027)</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>OCEAN BASIN &gt; Pacific Ocean &gt; Central Pacific Ocean &gt; Hawaiian Islands &gt; Hawaii Island &gt; Hawaii Island (19N155W0003)</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>OCEAN BASIN &gt; Pacific Ocean &gt; Central Pacific Ocean &gt; Hawaiian Islands &gt; Lanai Island &gt; Lanai Island (20N156W0002)</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>OCEAN BASIN &gt; Pacific Ocean &gt; Central Pacific Ocean &gt; Hawaiian Islands &gt; Maui Island &gt; Maui Island (20N156W0004)</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:keyword>
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            <gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_KeywordTypeCode" codeListValue="place">place</gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode>
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          <gmd:thesaurusName>
            <gmd:CI_Citation>
              <gmd:title>
                <gco:CharacterString>CoRIS Place Thesaurus</gco:CharacterString>
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          </gmd:thesaurusName>
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      </gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
      <gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
        <gmd:MD_Keywords>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/2006ec69-34f2-4ece-8823-6dc49f892b02" xlink:actuate="onRequest">OCEAN &gt; PACIFIC OCEAN &gt; CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN &gt; HAWAIIAN ISLANDS</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/5488b1cc-08b2-41cf-9bd2-4a2cdd0990de" xlink:actuate="onRequest">OCEAN &gt; PACIFIC OCEAN &gt; NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_KeywordTypeCode" codeListValue="place">place</gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode>
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          <gmd:thesaurusName>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:date>
                    <gco:Date>2026</gco:Date>
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                    <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="revision">revision</gmd:CI_DateTypeCode>
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                          </gmd:administrativeArea>
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                      </gmd:address>
                      <gmd:onlineResource>
                        <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
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                            <gmd:URL>https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords</gmd:URL>
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      </gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
      <gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
        <gmd:MD_Keywords>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gco:CharacterString>K44AYL</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:thesaurusName>
            <gmd:CI_Citation>
              <gmd:title>
                <gco:CharacterString>Send2NCEI Submission Package ID</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmd:MD_LegalConstraints>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives.</gco:CharacterString>
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