gov.noaa.nodc:0259391 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-07-31T08:57:01Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Global surface ocean acidification indicators from 1750 to 2100 (NCEI Accession 0259391) 2022-08-31 publication 2025-04-25 revision 2022-08-30 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/9ker-bc48 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0259391 NCEI Archive Management System 0259391 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Li-Qing Jiang Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) liqing.jiang@noaa.gov https://cisess.umd.edu/ HTTPS Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) website Institution web page information resourceProvider University of Maryland, College Park (UMD) https://www.umd.edu/ HTTPS University of Maryland, College Park (UMD) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Li-Qing Jiang Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) liqing.jiang@noaa.gov https://cisess.umd.edu/ HTTPS Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator John Dunne NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Brendan Carter University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Jerry Tjiputra NORCE Norwegian Research Centre https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Jens Terhaar Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern principalInvestigator Jonathan D. Sharp University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) Jonathan.Sharp@noaa.gov https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Are Olsen University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) Are.Olsen@gfi.uib.no http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Simone R. Alin NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) simone.r.alin@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Dorothee Bakker University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences D.Bakker@uea.ac.uk principalInvestigator Richard Feely NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Patrick Hogan NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Tatiana Ilyina Max Planck Institute for Meteorology - Hamburg (MPI) principalInvestigator Nico Lange GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) nlan@norceresearch.no http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Siv K. Lauvset NORCE Norwegian Research Centre sivk@norceresearch.no https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Tomas LOVATO Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici principalInvestigator Julien Palmiéri National Oceanography Centre (NOC) https://noc.ac.uk/ HTTPS National Oceanography Centre (NOC) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Yeray Santana-Falcón French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) https://www.cnrs.fr/ HTTPS French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Jörg Schwinger NORCE Norwegian Research Centre https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Roland Séférian French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) https://www.cnrs.fr/ HTTPS French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Warren Strand National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) https://ncar.ucar.edu/ HTTPS National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Neil Swart University of Victoria (UVic) https://www.uvic.ca/ HTTPS University of Victoria (UVic) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Toste Tanhua GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) ttanhua@ifm-geomar.de http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Hiroyuki TSUJINO Meteorological Research Institute Japan (MRI) principalInvestigator Rik Wanninkhof NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Michio Watanabe Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) http://www.jamstec.go.jp HTTP Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Akitomo Yamamoto Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) http://www.jamstec.go.jp HTTP Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Tilo Ziehn Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) principalInvestigator Jiang, Li-Qing Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies https://cisess.umd.edu/ HTTPS Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) website Institution web page information author Dunne, John P. NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) website Institution web page information author Carter, Brendan R. University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information author Tjiputra, Jerry NORCE Norwegian Research Centre https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information author Terhaar, Jens Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern author Sharp, Jonathan D. University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information author Olsen, Are University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute http://www.uib.no/gfi HTTP University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute (GFI) website Institution web page information author Alin, Simone R. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Bakker, Dorothee C. E. University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences author Feely, Richard A. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information author Hogan, Patrick NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) website Institution web page information author Ilyina, Tatiana Max Planck Institute for Meteorology - Hamburg author Lange, Nico GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Lauvset, Siv K. NORCE Norwegian Research Centre https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information author Lovato, Tomas Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici author Palmiéri, Julien National Oceanography Centre https://noc.ac.uk/ HTTPS National Oceanography Centre (NOC) website Institution web page information author Santana-Falcón, Yeray French National Center for Scientific Research https://www.cnrs.fr/ HTTPS French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) website Institution web page information author Schwinger, Jörg NORCE Norwegian Research Centre https://www.norceresearch.no/en/ HTTPS NORCE Norwegian Research Centre website Institution web page information author Séférian, Roland French National Center for Scientific Research https://www.cnrs.fr/ HTTPS French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) website Institution web page information author Strand, Gary National Center for Atmospheric Research https://ncar.ucar.edu/ HTTPS National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) website Institution web page information author Swart, Neil C. University of Victoria https://www.uvic.ca/ HTTPS University of Victoria (UVic) website Institution web page information author Tanhua, Toste GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information author Tsujino, Hiroyuki Meteorological Research Institute Japan author Wanninkhof, Rik NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information author Watanabe, Michio Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology http://www.jamstec.go.jp HTTP Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) website Institution web page information author Yamamoto, Akitomo Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology http://www.jamstec.go.jp HTTP Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) website Institution web page information author Ziehn, Tilo Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization author Max Planck Institute for Meteorology - Hamburg (MPI) contributor National Oceanography Centre (NOC) https://noc.ac.uk/ HTTPS National Oceanography Centre (NOC) website Institution web page information contributor Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research https://bjerknes.uib.no/ HTTPS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research website Institution web page information contributor University of Victoria (UVic) https://www.uvic.ca/ HTTPS University of Victoria (UVic) website Institution web page information contributor GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) http://www.geomar.de/ HTTP GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) website Institution web page information contributor University of East Anglia (UEA) https://www.uea.ac.uk/ HTTPS University of East Anglia (UEA) website Institution web page information contributor NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) contributor University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information contributor University of Maryland, College Park (UMD) https://www.umd.edu/ HTTPS University of Maryland, College Park (UMD) website Institution web page information contributor NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) website Institution web page information contributor NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) website Institution web page information contributor tableDigital This data package contains a hybrid surface OA data product that is produced based on three recent observational data products: (a) the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT, version 2022), (b) the Global Ocean Data Analysis Product version 2 (GLODAPv2, version 2022), and (c) the Coastal Ocean Data Analysis Product in North America (CODAP-NA, version 2021), and 14 Earth System Models from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The trajectories of ten OA indicators, including fugacity of carbon dioxide, pH on Total Scale, total hydrogen ion content, free hydrogen ion content, carbonate ion content, aragonite saturation state, calcite saturation state, Revelle Factor, total dissolved inorganic carbon content, and total alkalinity content are provided under preindustrial conditions, historical conditions, and future Shared Socioeconomic Pathways: SSP1-19, SSP1-26, SSP2-45, SSP3-70, and SSP5-85 from 1750 to 2100 on a global surface ocean grid. These OA trajectories are improved relative to previous OA data products with respect to data quantity, spatial and temporal coverage, diversity of the underlying data and model simulations, and the provided SSPs over the 21st century. The median and standard deviation values stored as Excel files in the "Median_Std_surface" folder were area-averaged values under the IPCC business-as-usual Scenario, i.e., SSP5-8.5. This dataset is available to the public for a wide variety of uses including scientific research and analysis. Funding Information: NOAA Ocean Acidification Program (Temporal changes of ocean acidification indicators in the U.S. Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) - an operational data product at NOAA/NCEI in support of NOAA’s National Marine Ecosystem Status effort, 21925) Funding Information: NOAA Ocean Acidification Program (Global and regional perspectives on ocean acidification and multi-stressor extremes under climate change and mitigation, 21413) Funding Information: NOAA Ocean Acidification Program (Scientific stewardship of ocean acidification data: The Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS), 21047) completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded NCEI Accession 0259391 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0259391 Preview graphic PNG 0259391 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2022-08-29 publication ARAGONITE SATURATION STATE CALCITE CONCENTRATION CARBON - CARBONATE DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC) partial pressure of carbon dioxide - water pH SALINITY SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE total alkalinity theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS chemical model output physical theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS VARIOUS CHARTERED VESSELS platform NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Max Planck Institute for Meteorology - Hamburg National Oceanography Centre NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory University of East Anglia University of Maryland, College Park University of Victoria University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS University of Maryland, College Park dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS) US DOC; NOAA; Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research; Ocean Acidification Program (OAP) project NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS World-Wide Distribution place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication BJERKNES > Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research DE/GEOMAR > GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce DOC/NOAA/OAR/AOML > Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, OAR, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce DOC/NOAA/OAR/PMEL > Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, OAR, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce MPI-M > Max Planck Institute for Meteorology U-SOTON/NOC > National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Ocean Acidification Program (OAP) Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS) Project project Ocean Acidification Search Keywords EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > ALKALINITY EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > CARBON DIOXIDE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > CARBONATE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > INORGANIC CARBON EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > PH EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > SALINITY theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Model output theme OCADS Study Type Aragonite CO3 Calcite DIC H Hfree RF Salinity TA Temperature fCO2 pCO2a pHT theme Provider Variable Abbreviations CO2 ANALYZERS > CO2 ANALYZERS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian GEOGRAPHIC REGION > GLOBAL OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Global ocean place Provider Geographic Names accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Jiang, Li-Qing; Dunne, John P.; Carter, Brendan R.; Tjiputra, Jerry; Terhaar, Jens; Sharp, Jonathan D.; Olsen, Are; Alin, Simone R.; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Feely, Richard A.; Hogan, Patrick; Ilyina, Tatiana; Lange, Nico; Lauvset, Siv K.; Lovato, Tomas; Palmiéri, Julien; Santana-Falcón, Yeray; Schwinger, Jörg; Séférian, Roland; Strand, Gary; Swart, Neil C.; Tanhua, Toste; Tsujino, Hiroyuki; Wanninkhof, Rik; Watanabe, Michio; Yamamoto, Akitomo; Ziehn, Tilo (2022). Global surface ocean acidification indicators from 1750 to 2100 (NCEI Accession 0259391). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/9ker-bc48. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. Jiang, L., Dunne, J., Carter, B. R., Tjiputra, J. F., Terhaar, J., Sharp, J. D., Olsen, A., Alin, S., Bakker, D. C. E., Feely, R. A., Gattuso, J., Hogan, P., Ilyina, T., Lange, N., Lauvset, S. K., Lewis, E. R., Lovato, T., Palmieri, J., Santana‐Falcón, Y., … Ziehn, T. (2023). Global Surface Ocean Acidification Indicators From 1750 to 2100. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ms003563 2023-03 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ms003563 https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ms003563 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ms003563 related journal article information Jiang, Li‐Qing Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park MD USA author Dunne, John NOAA/OAR Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Princeton NJ USA author Carter, Brendan R. Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies University of Washington Seattle WA USA author Tjiputra, Jerry F. NORCE Norwegian Research Centre Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Bergen Norway author Terhaar, Jens Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MA USA author Sharp, Jonathan D. Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies University of Washington Seattle WA USA author Olsen, Are Geophysical Institute University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Bergen Norway author Alin, Simone NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Seattle WA USA author Bakker, Dorothee C. E. Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK author Feely, Richard A. NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Seattle WA USA author Gattuso, Jean‐Pierre Sorbonne Université CNRS Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche Villefranche‐sur‐Mer France author Hogan, Patrick NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Stennis Space Center MS USA author Ilyina, Tatiana Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg Germany author Lange, Nico GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Kiel Germany author Lauvset, Siv K. NORCE Norwegian Research Centre Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Bergen Norway author Lewis, Ernie R. Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY USA author Lovato, Tomas Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation Division Fondazione Centro Euro‐Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici CMCC Bologna Italy author Palmieri, Julien National Oceanography Centre European Way Southampton UK author Santana‐Falcón, Yeray CNRM (Université de Toulouse, Météo‐France, CNRS) Toulouse Cedex 1 France author Schwinger, Jörg NORCE Norwegian Research Centre Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Bergen Norway author Séférian, Roland CNRM (Université de Toulouse, Météo‐France, CNRS) Toulouse Cedex 1 France author Strand, Gary US National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA author Swart, Neil Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis University of Victoria Victoria BC Canada author Tanhua, Toste GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Kiel Germany author Tsujino, Hiroyuki JMA Meteorological Research Institute Tsukuba Japan author Wanninkhof, Rik NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Miami FL USA author Watanabe, Michio Research Institute for Global Change Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Kanagawa Japan author Yamamoto, Akitomo Research Institute for Global Change Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Kanagawa Japan author Ziehn, Tilo CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Aspendale VIC Australia author American Geophysical Union (AGU) publisher documentDigital J Adv Model Earth Syst 15(3) ISSN 1942-2466, ISSN 1942-2466 crossReference project Sharp, Jonathan D.; Jiang, Li-Qing; Carter, Brendan R.; Lavin, Paige D.; Yoo, Hyelim; Cross, Scott L. (2024). RFR-LME Ocean Acidification Indicators from 1998 to 2024 (NCEI Accession 0287551). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/h8vw-e872. 2024-02-01 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.25921/h8vw-e872 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0287551 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0287551.html HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0287551.html Related dataset information Sharp, Jonathan D. University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information author Jiang, Li-Qing Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies https://cisess.umd.edu/ HTTPS Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) website Institution web page information author Carter, Brendan R. University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies https://cicoes.uw.edu/ HTTPS University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) website Institution web page information author Lavin, Paige D. University of Maryland Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, under grant from NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research author Yoo, Hyelim University of Maryland Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, under grant from NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author Cross, Scott L. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher tableDigital crossReference project Jiang, Li-Qing (2024). Global subsurface ocean acidification indicators at depth levels of 50, 100, and 200 meters from 1750-01-01 to 2100-12-31 (NCEI Accession 0287573). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/vdnc-q403. 2024-02-01 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.25921/vdnc-q403 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0287573 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0287573.html HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0287573.html Related dataset information Jiang, Li-Qing Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies https://cisess.umd.edu/ HTTPS Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS) website Institution web page information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher tableDigital crossReference project NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022). Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system 2022-04 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system OCADS website information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital [accessed 2024-02-08] crossReference program eng; USA utf8 environment oceans -179.5 179.5 -89.5 89.5 1750-01-01 2100-12-31 This data package (Submission ID: BF3W7YTSC) was acquired by NCEI from the Scientific Data Integration System (SDIS) at the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) in accordance with the archival submission agreement between NCEI and PMEL. 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Originator data format 9785.808 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0259391.html HTTPS Web browser Project Metadata Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://doi.org/10.25921/9ker-bc48 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/259391 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/259391 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0207/0259391/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0259391 v1.1 was published. 2022-08-31T20:54:43Z NCEI Accession 0259391 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0259391/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0259391 v1.1 published 2022-08-31T20:54:43Z download NCEI Accession 0259391 was revised and v2.2 was published. Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2025-04-25T14:27:09Z NCEI Accession 0259391 v2.2 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0259391/2.2 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0259391 v2.2 published 2025-04-25T14:27:09Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: Dissolved Inorganic Carbon; Abbreviation: DIC; Unit: umol/kg; Observation type: Model output; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: At each grid point, the DIC values are based on the median temporal changes out of fourteen Earth System Models of the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6): (1) ACCESS-ESM1-5, Ziehn et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1071/es19035, (2) CanESM5, Swart et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4823-2019, (3) CESM2, Danabasoglu et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001916, (4) CMCC-ESM2, Lovato et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ms002814, (5) CNRM-ESM-2, Séférian et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001791, (6) EC-Earth3-CC, Döscher et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-446, (7) GFDL-CM4, Held et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001829, (8) GFDL-ESM4, Dunne et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS002015, (9) IPSL-CM6A-LR, Boucher et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms002010, (10) MIROC-ES2L, Hajima et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2197-2020, (11) MPI-ESM1-2-LR, Mauritsen et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ms001400, (12) MRI-ESM2-0, Yukimoto et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2019-051, (13) NorESM2-LM, Seland et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020, (14) UKESM1-0-LL), Sellar et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001739, with bias corrections based on three latest observational data products: (1) the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT, version 2022, Bakker et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016), (2) the Global Ocean Data Analysis Product Version 2 (GLODAPv2, version 2022, Lauvset et al., 2022, under review), and (3) the Coastal Ocean Data Analysis Product in North America (CODAP-NA, version 2021, Jiang et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021). All DIC values were corrected to the year of 2010 using the Empirical Seawater Property Estimation Routines (ESPER) from sea surface temperature and salinity (Carter et al., 2021).; Researcher name: Li-Qing Jiang; Researcher institution: Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States Parameter or Variable: Total alkalinity; Abbreviation: TA; Unit: umol/kg; Observation type: Model output; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: At each grid point, the TA values are based on the median temporal changes out of fourteen Earth System Models of the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6): (1) ACCESS-ESM1-5, Ziehn et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1071/es19035, (2) CanESM5, Swart et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4823-2019, (3) CESM2, Danabasoglu et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001916, (4) CMCC-ESM2, Lovato et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ms002814, (5) CNRM-ESM-2, Séférian et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001791, (6) EC-Earth3-CC, Döscher et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-446, (7) GFDL-CM4, Held et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001829, (8) GFDL-ESM4, Dunne et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS002015, (9) IPSL-CM6A-LR, Boucher et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms002010, (10) MIROC-ES2L, Hajima et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2197-2020, (11) MPI-ESM1-2-LR, Mauritsen et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ms001400, (12) MRI-ESM2-0, Yukimoto et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2019-051, (13) NorESM2-LM, Seland et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020, (14) UKESM1-0-LL), Sellar et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001739, with bias corrections based on three latest observational data products: (1) the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT, version 2022, Bakker et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016), (2) the Global Ocean Data Analysis Product Version 2 (GLODAPv2, version 2021, Lauvset et al., 2022, under review), and (3) the Coastal Ocean Data Analysis Product in North America (CODAP-NA, version 2021, Jiang et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021).; Researcher name: Li-Qing Jiang; Researcher institution: Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States Parameter or Variable: pH; Abbreviation: pHT; pH scale: Total scale (T); In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Calculation method and parameters: The CO2 system calculation was conducted using a Julia version of the CO2System.jl (v2.0.5, https://github.com/mvdh7/CO2System.jl, Humphreys et al., 2022) with the dissociation constants and parameter as recommended by Jiang et al. (2022), i.e., dissociation constants for carbonic acid of Lueker et al. (2000), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4-) of Dickson (1990), hydrofluoric acid (HF) of Perez and Fraga (1987), and the total borate concentration equations of Lee et al. (2010).; Method reference: Jiang, L.-Q., Pierrot, D., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Tilbrook, B., Alin, S., et al. (2022), Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 705638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.705638. Parameter or Variable: pCO2 (fCO2) autonomous; Abbreviation: pCO2a; Unit: uatm; Observation type: Model output; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Calculation method and parameters: The CO2 system calculation was conducted using a Julia version of the CO2System.jl (v2.0.5, https://github.com/mvdh7/CO2System.jl, Humphreys et al., 2022) with the dissociation constants and parameter as recommended by Jiang et al. (2022), i.e., dissociation constants for carbonic acid of Lueker et al. (2000), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4-) of Dickson (1990), hydrofluoric acid (HF) of Perez and Fraga (1987), and the total borate concentration equations of Lee et al. (2010).; Method reference: Jiang, L.-Q., Pierrot, D., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Tilbrook, B., Alin, S., et al. (2022), Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 705638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.705638.; Researcher name: Li-Qing Jiang; Researcher institution: Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States Parameter or Variable: Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide - Water; Abbreviation: fCO2; Unit: uatm; Observation type: Model output; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Calculation method and parameters: The CO2 system calculation was conducted using a Julia version of the CO2System.jl (v2.0.5, https://github.com/mvdh7/CO2System.jl, Humphreys et al., 2022) with the dissociation constants and parameter as recommended by Jiang et al. (2022), i.e., dissociation constants for carbonic acid of Lueker et al. (2000), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4-) of Dickson (1990), hydrofluoric acid (HF) of Perez and Fraga (1987), and the total borate concentration equations of Lee et al. (2010).; Method reference: Jiang, L.-Q., Pierrot, D., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Tilbrook, B., Alin, S., et al. (2022), Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 705638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.705638.; Researcher name: Li-Qing Jiang; Researcher institution: Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States Parameter or Variable: Aragonite saturation state; Abbreviation: Aragonite; Observation type: Model output; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Method reference: Jiang, L.-Q., Pierrot, D., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Tilbrook, B., Alin, S., et al. (2022), Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 705638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.705638.; Researcher name: Li-Qing Jiang; Researcher institution: Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States Parameter or Variable: Calcite saturation state; Abbreviation: Calcite; Observation type: Model output; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Calculation method and parameters: The CO2 system calculation was conducted using a Julia version of the CO2System.jl (v2.0.5, https://github.com/mvdh7/CO2System.jl, Humphreys et al., 2022) with the dissociation constants and parameter as recommended by Jiang et al. (2022), i.e., dissociation constants for carbonic acid of Lueker et al. (2000), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4-) of Dickson (1990), hydrofluoric acid (HF) of Perez and Fraga (1987), and the total borate concentration equations of Lee et al. (2010).; Method reference: Jiang, L.-Q., Pierrot, D., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Tilbrook, B., Alin, S., et al. (2022), Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 705638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.705638.; Researcher name: Li-Qing Jiang; Researcher institution: Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States Parameter or Variable: Carbonate; Abbreviation: CO3; Unit: umol/kg; Observation type: Model output; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Calculation method and parameters: The CO2 system calculation was conducted using a Julia version of the CO2System.jl (v2.0.5, https://github.com/mvdh7/CO2System.jl, Humphreys et al., 2022) with the dissociation constants and parameter as recommended by Jiang et al. (2022), i.e., dissociation constants for carbonic acid of Lueker et al. (2000), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4-) of Dickson (1990), hydrofluoric acid (HF) of Perez and Fraga (1987), and the total borate concentration equations of Lee et al. (2010).; Method reference: Jiang, L.-Q., Pierrot, D., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Tilbrook, B., Alin, S., et al. (2022), Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 705638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.705638.; Researcher name: Li-Qing Jiang; Researcher institution: Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States Parameter or Variable: Total hydrogen ion content; Abbreviation: H; Unit: x 10^-9 mol/kg; Observation type: Model output; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Calculation method and parameters: The CO2 system calculation was conducted using a Julia version of the CO2System.jl (v2.0.5, https://github.com/mvdh7/CO2System.jl, Humphreys et al., 2022) with the dissociation constants and parameter as recommended by Jiang et al. (2022), i.e., dissociation constants for carbonic acid of Lueker et al. (2000), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4-) of Dickson (1990), hydrofluoric acid (HF) of Perez and Fraga (1987), and the total borate concentration equations of Lee et al. (2010).; Method reference: Jiang, L.-Q., Pierrot, D., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Tilbrook, B., Alin, S., et al. (2022), Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 705638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.705638.; Researcher name: Li-Qing Jiang; Researcher institution: Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States Parameter or Variable: Free hydrogen ion content; Abbreviation: Hfree; Unit: x 10^-9 mol/kg; Observation type: Model output; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Calculation method and parameters: The CO2 system calculation was conducted using a Julia version of the CO2System.jl (v2.0.5, https://github.com/mvdh7/CO2System.jl, Humphreys et al., 2022) with the dissociation constants and parameter as recommended by Jiang et al. (2022), i.e., dissociation constants for carbonic acid of Lueker et al. (2000), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4-) of Dickson (1990), hydrofluoric acid (HF) of Perez and Fraga (1987), and the total borate concentration equations of Lee et al. (2010).; Method reference: Jiang, L.-Q., Pierrot, D., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Tilbrook, B., Alin, S., et al. (2022), Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 705638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.705638.; Researcher name: Li-Qing Jiang; Researcher institution: Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States Parameter or Variable: Revelle Factor; Abbreviation: RF; Observation type: Model output; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Calculation method and parameters: The CO2 system calculation was conducted using a Julia version of the CO2System.jl (v2.0.5, https://github.com/mvdh7/CO2System.jl, Humphreys et al., 2022) with the dissociation constants and parameter as recommended by Jiang et al. (2022), i.e., dissociation constants for carbonic acid of Lueker et al. (2000), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4-) of Dickson (1990), hydrofluoric acid (HF) of Perez and Fraga (1987), and the total borate concentration equations of Lee et al. (2010).; Method reference: Jiang, L.-Q., Pierrot, D., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Tilbrook, B., Alin, S., et al. (2022), Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 705638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.705638.; Researcher name: Li-Qing Jiang; Researcher institution: Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States Parameter or Variable: Sea surface temperature; Abbreviation: Temperature; Unit: degrees Celsius; Observation type: Model output; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Sea surface temperature is reported at the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). At each grid point, the temperature values are based on the median temporal changes out of fourteen Earth System Models of the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6): (1) ACCESS-ESM1-5, Ziehn et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1071/es19035, (2) CanESM5, Swart et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4823-2019, (3) CESM2, Danabasoglu et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001916, (4) CMCC-ESM2, Lovato et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ms002814, (5) CNRM-ESM-2, Séférian et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001791, (6) EC-Earth3-CC, Döscher et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-446, (7) GFDL-CM4, Held et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001829, (8) GFDL-ESM4, Dunne et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS002015, (9) IPSL-CM6A-LR, Boucher et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms002010, (10) MIROC-ES2L, Hajima et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2197-2020, (11) MPI-ESM1-2-LR, Mauritsen et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ms001400, (12) MRI-ESM2-0, Yukimoto et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2019-051, (13) NorESM2-LM, Seland et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020, (14) UKESM1-0-LL), Sellar et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001739, with bias corrections based on three latest observational data products: (1) the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT, version 2021, Bakker et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016), (2) the Global Ocean Data Analysis Product Version 2 (GLODAPv2, version 2021, Lauvset et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021), and (3) the Coastal Ocean Data Analysis Product in North America (CODAP-NA, version 2021, Jiang et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021).; Researcher name: Li-Qing Jiang; Researcher institution: Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States Parameter or Variable: Water salinity; Abbreviation: Salinity; Observation type: Model output; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: in-situ observation; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: The scale of salinity is PSS78. At each grid point, the salinity values are based on the median temporal changes out of fourteen Earth System Models of the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6): (1) ACCESS-ESM1-5, Ziehn et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1071/es19035, (2) CanESM5, Swart et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4823-2019, (3) CESM2, Danabasoglu et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001916, (4) CMCC-ESM2, Lovato et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ms002814, (5) CNRM-ESM-2, Séférian et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001791, (6) EC-Earth3-CC, Döscher et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-446, (7) GFDL-CM4, Held et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001829, (8) GFDL-ESM4, Dunne et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS002015, (9) IPSL-CM6A-LR, Boucher et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms002010, (10) MIROC-ES2L, Hajima et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2197-2020, (11) MPI-ESM1-2-LR, Mauritsen et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ms001400, (12) MRI-ESM2-0, Yukimoto et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2019-051, (13) NorESM2-LM, Seland et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020, (14) UKESM1-0-LL), Sellar et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001739, with bias corrections based on three latest observational data products: (1) the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT, version 2021, Bakker et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016), (2) the Global Ocean Data Analysis Product Version 2 (GLODAPv2, version 2021, Lauvset et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021), and (3) the Coastal Ocean Data Analysis Product in North America (CODAP-NA, version 2021, Jiang et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021).; Researcher name: Li-Qing Jiang; Researcher institution: Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer measures gaseous carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide gas analyzer has often been referred to as LI-COR, because a lot of researchers choose to use products manufactured by LI-COR incorporation for their carbon dioxide measurement. The main component of a carbon dioxide analyzer is a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopic sensors to detect CO2 in a gaseous environment by its characteristic absorption. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator (insttypes_id 184) to measure carbon dioxide in the water. To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water. VARIOUS CHARTERED VESSELS VARIOUS CHARTERED VESSELS