gov.noaa.nodc:0304095 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-03-31T19:15:39Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) SPLASH Field Study; Continuous snow temperature profiles from the Snow Ice Mass Balance Apparatus (SIMBA) level 1 Raw, Nov2022-Jun2023 (NCEI Accession 0304095) 2025-05-09 publication 2025-05-07 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/9d7a-hg03 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0304095 NCEI Archive Management System 0304095 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Bradley Ballard NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) bradley.ballard@noaa.gov https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) website Institution web page information resourceProvider NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) https://psl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Brad Ballard NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) bradley.ballard@noaa.gov https://psl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) website Institution web page information collaborator CHRISTOPHER COX NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) christopher.j.cox@noaa.gov https://psl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) website Institution web page information collaborator Michael Gallagher NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) michael.r.gallagher@noaa.gov https://psl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) website Institution web page information collaborator Janet Intrieri NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) janet.intrieri@noaa.gov https://psl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) website Institution web page information collaborator Matthew Shupe NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) matthew.shupe@noaa.gov https://psl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) website Institution web page information collaborator Benjamin Schmatz Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory collaborator Ballard, Brad NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) https://psl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) website Institution web page information author Cox, Christopher NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) https://psl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) website Institution web page information author Intrieri, Janet NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) https://psl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) website Institution web page information author Shupe, Matthew NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) https://psl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) website Institution web page information author Schmatz, Benjamin Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory author NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) https://psl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) website Institution web page information contributor tableDigital Raw (Level 1) measurements from the Snow Ice Mass Balance Apparatus (SIMBA) deployed at the Avery Picnic site (~ 38°58.345' N, 106°59.811' W) during the Study of Precipitation, the Lower Atmosphere, and Surface for Hydrometeorology (SPLASH) campaign near Gothic, Colorado, from November 2021 through June 2023. The SIMBA, originally designed for observing the mass balance of sea ice, is comprised of a thermistor chain with 2 cm spacing (Jackson et al., 2013). This system was configured for terrestrial snowpack by the manufacturer, SAMS Enterprise, to the specifications for SPLASH. The chain was installed suspended from a tripod and fixed to a rigid plastic bar near in time to the onset of snowpack in November 2022. The lowest 10 cm of the chain were buried within the soil. The top of the chain reached approximately 180 cm above the soil surface and snow was permitted to accumulate around the chain throughout the winter of 2022-2023. In the files, negative values of the "height" vector are below the soil surface and positive levels are above, which may be either snow or air depending on the snow depth. The system also uses a low-power heating cycle to measure thermistor's temperature response time for aiding in determining material interfaces: see Jackson et al. (2013) for details. There are several cautions to be aware of when using these data. The data has been ingested into daily netCDF and metadata (in attributes) have been provided but no quality control has been carried out on this raw version of the data set. From 1 November through 22 December 2022, the sensor obtained profiles every 10 min after which corruption of the configuration file reverted the profiles to every 6 hours (0, 6, 12, and 18 UTC). After 1 January a problem in the firmware caused the system to lose connection to the time-synching GPS network and therefore the clock drifted from January through June 2023 (the maximum potential time stamping error is likely < 81 sec). Finally, from 23 March through 4 April 2023, the depth of the snow at the location of the sensor was deeper than 180 cm and thus measurements in the upper part of the snowpack were not observed then. Jackson, K., J. Wilkinson, T. Maksym, D. Meldrum, J. Beckers, C. Haas, and D. Mackenzie (2013) A novel and low-cost sea ice mass balance buoy. Journal of Atmosphere and Oceanic Technology, 30(11), 2676-2688, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00058.1. From fall 2021 through summer 2023, NOAA and research partners participated in the Study of Precipitation, the Lower Atmosphere and Surface for Hydrometeorology (SPLASH). This field study installed a comprehensive, state-of-the-art observing network in the East River watershed of the Colorado mountains with a goal of advancing weather and water prediction capabilities in areas with complex terrain. Benefits: In combination with scientific analysis of the resulting datasets, research will apply SPLASH observations and the resulting enhanced process-understanding to evaluate and improve NOAA's latest suite of modeling tools, including the Unified Forecast System, Rapid Refresh Forecast System, and National Water Model. The ultimate goal of this project will be improved prediction of weather and water in the Colorado mountains and beyond to inform societal preparedness and response. Funding Agency: University of Colorado - Boulder; Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Funding Agency: Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Funding Agency: Cooperative Institute for Research in Atmospheric Science Funding Agency: US Department of Energy Funding Agency: Black Swift Technologies Funding Agency: Colorado State University Funding Agency: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Funding Agency: NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML) Funding Agency: NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) Funding Agency: National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Funding Agency: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0304095 Preview graphic PNG 0304095 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2025-02-11 publication Snow temperature theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS thermistor instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS in situ theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS meteorology theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication DOC/NOAA/OAR/ESRL/PSL > Physical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratory, OAR, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian SPLASH - Study of Precipitation, the Lower Atmosphere, and Surface for Hydrometeorology project Provider Project Names EARTH SCIENCE > CRYOSPHERE > SNOW/ICE > SNOW/ICE TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE > SURFACE MASS > MASS BALANCE theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian battery_voltage height sample_end sample_number sample_span sample_start sequence_number time theme Provider Keywords THERMISTORS > THERMISTORS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian SAMS SIMBA thermistor chain instrument Provider Instruments CONTINENT > NORTH AMERICA > UNITED STATES OF AMERICA > COLORADO place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Y13PET Send2NCEI Submission Package ID accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Ballard, Brad; Cox, Christopher; Intrieri, Janet; Shupe, Matthew; Schmatz, Benjamin (2025). SPLASH Field Study; Continuous snow temperature profiles from the Snow Ice Mass Balance Apparatus (SIMBA) level 1 Raw, Nov2022-Jun2023 (NCEI Accession 0304095). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/9d7a-hg03. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. license This dataset has been dedicated to the public domain under a Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication. SPDX License: Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal (CC0-1.0) Jackson, K., Wilkinson, J., Maksym, T., Meldrum, D., Beckers, J., Haas, C., & Mackenzie, D. (2013). A Novel and Low-Cost Sea Ice Mass Balance Buoy. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 30(11), 2676–2688. https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00058.1 2013-11-01 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00058.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00058.1 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00058.1 related journal article information Jackson, Keith Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom author Wilkinson, Jeremy Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom author Maksym, Ted Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts author Meldrum, David Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom author Beckers, Justin University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada author Haas, Christian University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada author Mackenzie, David University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom author American Meteorological Society publisher documentDigital Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30(11) ISSN 0739-0572, ISSN 1520-0426, pp. 2676-2688 crossReference project eng; USA utf8 environment oceans climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere -106.59811 -106.59811 38.58345 38.58345 2021-11-01 2023-06-12 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. netCDF 12.432 https://doi.org/10.25921/9d7a-hg03 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/304095 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/304095 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0232/0304095/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0304095 v1.1 was published. 2025-05-09T18:04:02Z NCEI Accession 0304095 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0304095/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0304095 v1.1 published 2025-05-09T18:04:02Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: time (measured); Units: hours since 2023-06-11; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: thermistor chain Parameter or Variable: height (measured); Units: cm; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: thermistor chain; Sampling and Analyzing Method: distance down (-) from the first sensor Parameter or Variable: temperature (measured); Units: degrees C; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: thermistor chain; Sampling and Analyzing Method: individual thermistor temperature readout value Parameter or Variable: sample_start (measured); Units: days since 1970-01-01; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: thermistor chain Parameter or Variable: sample_end (measured); Units: days since 1970-01-01; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: thermistor chain Parameter or Variable: sample_span (measured); Units: days since 1970-01-01; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: thermistor chain Parameter or Variable: battery_voltage (measured); Units: volts; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: SAMS SIMBA Parameter or Variable: sequence_number (measured); Units: counts; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: SAMS SIMBA Parameter or Variable: sample_number (measured); Units: counts; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: SAMS SIMBA asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian thermistor thermistor electronic temperature sensor thermally sensitive resistor