gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.photos:G01230 eng; USA utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Hazards Data Manager haz.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact 2018-09-27 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Mount Pinatubo Revisited; A Study of Lahar Erosion 1994 publication First Document NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information publisher DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce (comp) originator National Geophysical Data Center Boulder CO publisher At dawn on June 15, 1991, a cataclysmic eruption began with a tremendous explosion that destroyed ten deserted villages. This eruption deposited approximately 5 to 7 km3 of volcanic fragments in pyroclastic flows on the slopes of the volcano and over neighboring towns and agricultural areas. It is this material that continues to threaten structures and lives in the area, in the form of lahars (debris flows) during heavy rainstorms. The lahars from the Mount Pinatubo volcano have been particularly damaging to the surrounding area. This set of slides shows how the disaster that began at Pinatubo in 1991 continues to threaten the population in the area. Mount Pinatubo is located on the Island of Luzon in the Philippines, about 100 km northwest of Manila. The volcano, with K-Ar datings of approximately 1.1 million years, and with the youngest carbon-14 dating of + 400 years B.P. (before present), is the youngest volcano in the western Luzon volcanic arc. On April 2, 1991, Pinatubo, which had been rumbling for months, stirred to life. Over the next six weeks earth tremors and minor explosions occurred. These natural warnings led to the evacuation of personnel at Clark Air Base and of 55,000 people in nearby towns and villages. At dawn on June 15, 1991, a cataclysmic eruption began with a tremendous explosion that destroyed ten deserted villages. The eruption deposited approximately 5 to 7 km3 of volcanic fragments in pyroclastic flows on the slopes of the volcano and over neighboring towns and agricultural areas. It is this material that continues to threaten structures and lives in the area, inthe form of lahars (debris flows) during heavy rainstorms. The Pinatubo deposits are subdivided into two general groups based on the lithology and age of emplacement: the "ancestral" and the "modern." The ancestral Pinatubo (+/- 1 million to +/-35,000 years B.P.) is an andesite-dacite stratovolcano of mostly laval flows and breccia deposits oflaharic origin. On its slopes are numerous elongated to sub-rounded hills made up of breccia, created mostly by the ancestral lahars. The modern Pinatubo (+/- 35,000 years to present) shows signs of repeated, very explosive eruptions which have produced large volumes of pumiceouspyroclastic flows. Pyroclastic flows, also known as nuee ardentes, or glowing avalanches, are extremely hot (+/-1,000 degrees Celsius), often incandescent, highly fluid, gravity-driven density currents of gas and volcanic fragments that sweep down slope and travel at hurricane speed (+/-100 km per hour). Pyroclastic flows are generated when the density of the rising column of volcanic fragments and gas exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Gravity causes a portion or all of the column to collapse and flow down the flanks of the volcano. Most of the 1991 pyroclastic flow deposits were emplaced during the June 15 eruption. The pre-eruption magma temperature of Pinatubo was about 800 degrees Celsius and the temperature of the emplaced pyroclastic flow was on the order of 600 degrees Celsius. The deposits are non-welded, dry, and very loose. The accumulated thickness of the pyroclastic flows varies, depending on the proximity to the crater and the pre-eruption morphology. It reaches more than 200 meters along deep pre-eruption valleys. The pyroclastic flow deposits of 1991 affected eight major watersheds around the slopes of the volcano and radically altered the hydrological regimes, leading to unprecedented amounts of erosion and sediment delivery in the form of destructive lahars. Lahars predominantly occur during the rainy season in the monsoon period, which lasts from June until November. Long-duration and high-intensity rainfall, associated with the occurrence of strong typhoons, are responsible for the production of large-magnitude lahars. Other factors contributing to the rapid erosion of lahars are: failure of lahar dams, secondary explosions produced by rapid vertical and lateral erosion of the pyroclastic flow deposits, and stream and river capture bringing deposits into new drainage systems. The rapid erosion or removal of the pyroclastic flow deposits has been one of the major social and scientific concerns after the 1991 eruption ofthe Pinatubo Volcano. The lahars from Pinatubo have resulted in loss of lives and damage to properties in areas surrounding the volcano. About 500,000 persons were left homeless and indirect impacts such as flooding and isolation have affected more than 1.3 million people in 39 different towns and four large cities. About 1,000 km2 of prime agricultural lands are atrisk. Lahars will continue to be an important hazard on the lower slopes of Pinatubo for a number of years. Make available Damage Photos for research and education Patricia Lockridge completed NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Hazards Data Manager haz.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact notPlanned https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/icons/small_res/36/36_732.jpg Gravelly lahar terraces from debris flows. The original level of 1991 pyroclastic flow deposits is on top of the hill showing patches of unvegetated deposit. JPEG EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Eruption Dynamics EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Lava EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Magma EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Pyroclastics EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Volcanic Ash/Dust theme NASA/GCMD Earth Science Keywords INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Seismic activity > Seismic activity INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Volcanoes > Volcanoes theme INFOTERRA Keyword Thesaurus ICSU-WDS > International Council for Science - World Data System project Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Project Keywords 2020-01-09 publication 9.1 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2024. GCMD Keywords, Version 19. 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URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Asia > Philippines > Luzon Island Asia > Philippines > Zamables > Pinatubo, Mount place Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2020-01-09 publication 9.1 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2024. GCMD Keywords, Version 19. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian otherRestrictions otherRestrictions Access Constraints: None Use Constraints: None Distribution Liability: While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. Container Packet ID G01143 eng; USA geoscientificInformation 120.21 120.21 15.08 15.08 Publication Date 1991-04-02 1993-10-06 TIFF DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce User Services 303-497-6826 303-497-6513 325 Broadway Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA ngdc.info@noaa.gov 8am-5pm, Monday through Friday distributor 27082 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazardimages/ https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/ cdRom iso9660 repository NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015. 2015-04-22T00:00:00 This metadata was automatically generated from the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata: Extensions for Remote Sensing Metadata standard version FGDC-STD-012-2002 using the June 2011 version of the FGDC RSE to ISO 19115-2 transform. The Spatial Reference Information is not currently mapped over to ISO but will be mapped in future versions. This record was automatically modified on 2015-10-14 to include references to NCEI where applicable. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Metadata Specialist editor NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Hazards Data Manager haz.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact