gov.noaa.nodc:0169632 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2025-12-15T17:15:32Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Identifying coral reef resilience potential in Tutuila, American Samoa based on NOAA coral reef monitoring data from 2010 to 2016 (NCEI Accession 0169632) 2018-03-10 publication 2020-12-18 revision 2018-01-05 creation NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0169632 NCEI Archive Management System 0169632 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Troy Kanemura Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) troy.kanemura@noaa.gov http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred HTTP Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred HTTP Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Bernardo Vargas-Ángel Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) bernardo.vargas-angel@noaa.gov http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred HTTP Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Schumacher, Brett author Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Ecosystem Sciences Division http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred HTTP Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) website Institution web page information author Brett Schumacher Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) brett.schumacher@noaa.gov http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred HTTP Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) website Institution web page information pointOfContact Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred HTTP Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) website Institution web page information contributor tableDigital Declines in the health of coral reef ecosystems lead scientists to search for factors that support reef resilience: the ability of reefs to resist environmental stress and recover when they have been impacted, and to maintain key ecosystem functions throughout. Scientists have identified eleven measurable factors that affect the resilience of coral reefs. Reef resilience factors include characteristics of the coral assemblage, populations of fish that live on the reef, land-based influences, and sea surface temperature variability. NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) used these factors to quantitatively assess the resilience potential of reefs around Tutuila and Aunu‘u Islands in American Samoa. Locations of monitoring surveys conducted by ESD from 2010 to 2016 were used to designate study zones. The monitoring surveys provided data to evaluate biological/ecological resilience factors, and external data sources were used to inform physical and environmental factors not directly measured by ESD. Data for each metric was compiled, normalized, and averaged to produce a composite resilience score for each of zone. The primary resilience analysis includes all 11 metrics for 10 study zones around Tutuila and Aunu'u, excluding Taema Bank. The secondary resilience analysis includes the 8 metrics available for 11 study zones around Tutuila and Aunu'u, including Taema Bank. The information provided with this analysis includes the individual datasets for the 11 metrics used in the analysis (data tables), the survey sites and study zones (data tables), and the resilience scores resulting from the analysis (data tables and maps). Structural, ecological, and physical processes including, diversity, recruitment, herbivory, disease, and thermal tolerance have been identified as key elements contributing to reef resilience. This analysis, funded by the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, integrates interdisciplinary data sets collected by NOAA Ecosystem Sciences Division and its partners to operationalize reef resilience in the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. It is important to identify and understand these factors, so that management strategies can be tailored to maintaining or restoring coral communities to maximize their chances of survival in a changing climate. This analysis contributes to the local jurisdiction's capacity to meaningfully assess reef ecosystem condition in relation to a range of threats. A key aspect of the reef resilience framework is that it can empower local action to improve resilience of coral reefs because some drivers of resilience are heavily influenced by large-scale climatic forces, while others can be directly affected by local management. Funding Agency: NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded NCEI Accession 0169632 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0169632 Preview graphic PNG 0169632 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2018-01-05 publication CORAL CORAL - CENSUS CORAL - SPECIES IDENTIFICATION FISH - CORAL REEF FISH BIOMASS FISH SPECIES MACROALGAE REEF AND/OR BOTTOM REGIME - PERCENT COVER theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS AVHRR rain gauge visual observation instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS biological physical survey - coral reef survey - swimmer/diver visual observation theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS Coral Reef Ecosystem Program dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Coral Reef Ecosystem Program dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) CORAL REEF STUDIES project NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS South Pacific Ocean place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication DOC/NOAA/NMFS > National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian CRED CREP Coral Reef Ecosystem Division Coral Reef Ecosystem Program ESD Ecosystem Sciences Division PIFSC Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center dataCentre Provider Keywords 31065 810 Identifying coral reef resilience potential in American Samoa based on CRED coral reef monitoring data Reefs for the future: Identifying coral reef resilience in the US Pacific islands based on CRED coral reef monitoring data project CRCP Project Geographic Information > Ecological Characterization theme CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus EARTH SCIENCE > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Phenomena > Global Change EARTH SCIENCE > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Phenomena > Global Warming EARTH SCIENCE > Atmosphere > Precipitation > Precipitation Amount EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Benthic Habitat EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Reef Habitat EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Reef Habitat > Recovery EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Ecological Dynamics > Herbivory EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Microbiota > Bacteria EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Microbiota > Blue-green Algae EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae > Algae Cover EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae > Algal Cover EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae > Fleshy Macroalgae EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Black Band Disease EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Bleaching EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Bleaching > Degree Heating Week (DHW) EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Bleaching > Sea Surface Temperature (SST) EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral biodiversity EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Photic Zone Corals EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Damage Assessment > Human physical EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Quadrat Monitoring EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Quadrat Monitoring > Photograph Analysis EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Transect Monitoring > Belt Transect EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Transect Monitoring > Linear Transect (line) EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Transect monitoring EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > In Situ Biological EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Photographic Analysis EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Rapid Assessment Studies EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Reef Fish Census EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Reef Fish Census > Stationary EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Remote Sensing EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Remote Sensing > Satellite (digital scans) EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Quadrat Monitoring > Photograph Analysis EARTH SCIENCE > Hydrosphere > Surface Water > Runoff EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs > Marine Protected Areas EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fish Assemblages EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fish Census EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fishing EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature > Anomaly theme CoRIS Theme Thesaurus EARTH SCIENCE > BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION > ANIMALS/VERTEBRATES > FISH EARTH SCIENCE > BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION > PLANTS > MACROALGAE (SEAWEEDS) EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES > COASTAL LANDFORMS > CORAL REEFS theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Resilience theme Provider Keywords AVHRR > Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer RAIN GAUGES > RAIN GAUGES VISUAL OBSERVATIONS > VISUAL OBSERVATIONS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > American Samoa (14S170W0000) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Aunu'u Island (14S170W0035) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Tutuila Island (14S170W0016) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Faga'alu (14S170W0005) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Fagamalo (14S170W0047) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Fagatele Bay (14S170W0002) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Pago Pago (14S170W0008) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Vatia Bay (14S170W0028) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > American Samoa (14S170W0000) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > Tutuila Island (14S170W0016) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Pago Pago Harbor > Faga'alu (14S170W0005) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila > Aunu'u Island (14S170W0035) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila Island > Fagamalo (14S170W0047) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila Island > Fagatele Bay (14S170W0002) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila Island > Pago Pago (14S170W0008) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila Island > Vatia Bay (14S170W0028) place CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian G4T05E Send2NCEI Submission Package ID accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Schumacher, Brett; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Ecosystem Sciences Division (2018). Identifying coral reef resilience potential in Tutuila, American Samoa based on NOAA coral reef monitoring data from 2010 to 2016 (NCEI Accession 0169632). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0169632. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2018: Identifying coral reef resilience potential in Tutuila, American Samoa based on NOAA coral reef monitoring data from 2010 to 2016, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/50521. 2018 publication gov.noaa.nmfs.inport:50521 https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/50521 HTTPS https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/50521 InPort Metadata Record information NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (NMFS/PIFSC) publisher tableDigital crossReference McClanahan, T. R., Donner, S. D., Maynard, J. A., MacNeil, M. A., Graham, N. A. J., Maina, J., Baker, A. C., Alemu I., J. B., Beger, M., Campbell, S. J., Darling, E. S., Eakin, C. M., Heron, S. F., Jupiter, S. D., Lundquist, C. J., McLeod, E., Mumby, P. J., Paddack, M. J., Selig, E. R., & van Woesik, R. (2012). Prioritizing Key Resilience Indicators to Support Coral Reef Management in a Changing Climate. PLoS ONE, 7(8), e42884. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042884 2012-08-29 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042884 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042884 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042884 related journal article information McClanahan, Tim R. author Donner, Simon D. author Maynard, Jeffrey A. author MacNeil, M. Aaron author Graham, Nicholas A. J. author Maina, Joseph author Baker, Andrew C. author Alemu I., Jahson B. author Beger, Maria author Campbell, Stuart J. author Darling, Emily S. author Eakin, C. Mark author Heron, Scott F. author Jupiter, Stacy D. author Lundquist, Carolyn J. author McLeod, Elizabeth author Mumby, Peter J. author Paddack, Michelle J. author Selig, Elizabeth R. author van Woesik, Robert author Unsworth, Richard K. F. editor Public Library of Science (PLoS) publisher documentDigital PLoS ONE 7(8) ISSN 1932-6203, p. e42884 crossReference Schumacher, B., Vargas-Ángel Bernardo, & Heron, S. F. (2 C.E.). Identifying coral reef resilience potential in Tutuila, American Samoa based on NOAA coral reef monitoring data. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. https://doi.org/10.7289/v5/sp-pifsc-18-003 7289 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.7289/v5/sp-pifsc-18-003 https://doi.org/10.7289/v5/sp-pifsc-18-003 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.7289/v5/sp-pifsc-18-003 NOAA Central Library: Related document information Schumacher, Brett author Vargas-Ángel, Bernardo author Heron, Scott Fraser author U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center publisher documentDigital U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center crossReference collection eng; USA utf8 environment oceans biota -170.92 -170.431 -14.45 -14.15 2010-02-17 2016-04-30 In this accession, NCEI has archived multiple versions of these data. The latest (and best) version of these data has the largest version number. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. Originator data format 17.952 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0169632 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/169632 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/169632 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0117/0169632/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0169632 v1.1 was published. 2018-03-10T21:47:20Z NCEI Accession 0169632 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0169632/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0169632 v1.1 published 2018-03-10T21:47:20Z download NCEI Accession 0169632 was revised and v2.2 was published. Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2019-11-05T19:09:24Z NCEI Accession 0169632 v2.2 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0169632/2.2 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0169632 v2.2 published 2019-11-05T19:09:24Z download NCEI Accession 0169632 was revised and v3.3 was published. Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2020-12-18T04:09:37Z NCEI Accession 0169632 v3.3 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0169632/3.3 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0169632 v3.3 published 2020-12-18T04:09:37Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: Resilience score (calculated); Units: Numeric rank; Observation Category: other; Sampling Instrument: Software; Sampling and Analyzing Method: The principal analytical task of this project was to calculate eleven metrics of "reef resilience" as identified by McClanahan et al. (2012). These metrics account for various aspects of the coral reef ecosystem, and are derived from several data streams compiled and analyzed by ESD researchers using MS Excel and Access, Minitab, PRIMER version 6 with the Permanova+ add-on, and ArcMap. Data for each factor was compiled, normalized, and averaged to produce a composite resilience score for each study area identified. asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian AVHRR AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer A meteorological satellite [instrument] with two bands that is used for large area Earth observation at 1 km spatial resolution. Source: Glossary of GIS and Remote Sensing Terms, University of Vermont. (http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/tws-gis/glossary.htm; last accessed on 09/22/2004). Specifically, this instrument type is to be used to represent AVHRR/1: "There are two series of AVHRR instruments. Built by ITT Aerospace/Optical Division in the mid 1970s, the AVHRR/1 is a four-channel, filter-wheel spectrometer/radiometer (Appendix) while the AVHRR/2, built in the early 1980s, is identical except for the addition of Channel 5." See https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ecosys/cdroms/AVHRR97_d1/avhrr3.htm rain gauge rain gauge A device to measure the amount of liquid precipitation The definition of liquid precipitation is any form of water falling from the sky as rain. Rain gauge measures the amount of liquid precipitation. visual observation visual observation not an instrument - maybe an observation type