gov.noaa.nodc:0228229 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2025-11-17T13:16:43Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Specific gravity (density) measurements taken from the HMS Challenger and SMS Gazelle in the global ocean from 1873-02-15 to 1876-06-05 (NCEI Accession 0228229) 2021-04-07 publication 2021-04-06 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/jcca-e972 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0228229 NCEI Archive Management System 0228229 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher National Oceanography Centre (NOC) https://noc.ac.uk/ HTTPS National Oceanography Centre (NOC) website Institution web page information resourceProvider W. John Gould National Oceanography Centre (NOC) wjg@noc.soton.ac.uk https://noc.ac.uk/ HTTPS website Institution web page information resourceProvider Stuart A. Cunningham Scottish Association For Marine Science resourceProvider Gould, W. John National Oceanography Centre (NOC) wjg@noc.soton.ac.uk https://noc.ac.uk/ HTTPS website Institution web page information author Cunningham, Stuart Scottish Association For Marine Science author tableDigital Data were digitized by W. John Gould and Stuart A. Cunningham from cruise reports. The 1870s specific gravity (SG) measurements were used to calculate equivalent salinities under the assumption that the SG measurements corresponded directly to density, using the reference value for water of 1.0 gram/cm3. The temperatures to which the 1870s data were standardized: 15.56°C for the Challenger data and 14°Réaumur (17.5°C) for Gazelle. Data are in the comma separated value (csv) files, one for each cruise. This dataset is available to the public for a wide variety of uses including scientific research and analysis. completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0228229 Preview graphic PNG 0228229 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2020-11-23 publication WATER DENSITY theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS hydrometer instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS physical theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS HMS Challenger SMS GAZELLE platform NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS National Oceanography Centre dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS World-Wide Distribution place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication U-SOTON/NOC > National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > SALINITY/DENSITY > DENSITY theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian HYDROMETERS > HYDROMETERS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian GAZELLE (call sign: A7D3008, ICES code: 06GZ) HMS CHALLENGER (ICES code: 74R2) platform ICES/SeaDataNet Ship Codes GEOGRAPHIC REGION > GLOBAL OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Gould, W. John; Cunningham, Stuart (2021). Specific gravity (density) measurements taken from the HMS Challenger and SMS Gazelle in the global ocean from 1873-02-15 to 1876-06-05 (NCEI Accession 0228229). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/jcca-e972. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. Gould, W.J., Cunningham, S.A. Global-scale patterns of observed sea surface salinity intensified since the 1870s. Commun Earth Environ 2, 76 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00161-3 2021-04-26 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00161-3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00161-3 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00161-3 journal article information Gould, W. John author Cunningham, Stuart A. author documentDigital Communications Earth & Environment 2:1 ISBN/ISSN 2662-4435, p. 76 crossReference sciencePaper eng; USA utf8 environment oceans -180 180 -65.7 47.4 1873-02-15 1876-06-05 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. CSV 0.656 https://doi.org/10.25921/jcca-e972 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/228229 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/228229 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0174/0228229/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0228229 v1.1 was published. 2021-04-07T19:26:11Z NCEI Accession 0228229 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0228229/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0228229 v1.1 published 2021-04-07T19:26:11Z download asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian hydrometer hydrometer a device for measuring seawater density HMS Challenger Years 1858 -1921 SMS GAZELLE 1864-1884 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Gazelle_(1859)