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    • Evaluation of Less-Lethal Technologies on Police Use-of-Force Outcomes in 13 Sites in the United States, 1992-2007

    Metadata Updated: November 14, 2025

    The study examined how law enforcement agencies (LEAs) manage the use of force by officers. It was conducted to produce practical information that can help LEAs establish guidelines that assist in the effective design of Conducted Energy Device (CED) deployment programs that support increased safety for officers and citizens. The study used a quasi-experimental design to compare seven LEAs with CED deployment to a set of six matched LEAs that did not deploy CEDs on a variety of safety outcomes. From 2006-2008, data were collected on the details of every use of force incident during a specified time period (1992-2007), as well as demographic and crime statistics for each site. For the agencies that deployed CEDs, at least two years of data on use of force incidents were collected for the period before CED deployment and at least two years of data for the period after CED deployment. For the agencies that did not deploy CEDs, at least four years of data were collected over a similar period.

    Access & Use Information

    Restricted: This dataset can only be accessed or used under certain conditions. License: us-pd

    Downloads & Resources

    Dates

    Metadata Created Date August 18, 2021
    Metadata Updated Date November 14, 2025

    Metadata Source

    Harvested from DOJ JSON

    Other Data Resources

    Additional Metadata

    Resource Type Dataset
    Metadata Created Date August 18, 2021
    Metadata Updated Date November 14, 2025
    Publisher National Institute of Justice
    Maintainer
    Identifier 3313
    Data First Published 2013-10-29T17:03:09
    Language eng
    Data Last Modified 2013-10-29T17:09:37
    Rights These data are restricted due to the increased risk of violation of confidentiality of respondent and subject data.
    Public Access Level restricted public
    Bureau Code 011:21
    Metadata Context https://project-open-data.cio.gov/v1.1/schema/catalog.jsonld
    Metadata Catalog ID https://www.justice.gov/data.json
    Schema Version https://project-open-data.cio.gov/v1.1/schema
    Catalog Describedby https://project-open-data.cio.gov/v1.1/schema/catalog.json
    Harvest Object Id c6d5aa33-3a29-4f00-b0ed-af608838044d
    Harvest Source Id 3290e90a-116f-42fc-86ac-e65521ef3b68
    Harvest Source Title DOJ JSON
    License http://www.usa.gov/publicdomain/label/1.0/
    Program Code 011:060
    Publisher Hierarchy Office of Justice Programs > National Institute of Justice
    Source Datajson Identifier True
    Source Hash bc0ea6c9e264a6867de8ab564b9b5701579e1e820cf33ce17d61b1fe1e754d67
    Source Schema Version 1.1

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